MED 231 — علم الأمراض العام
السنة 2 · 25 محاضرة · 3 ساعة معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
1. Orientation and introductory meeting
Pathology
- Understand the general outline of the course.
- Be familiar with the teaching modalities throughout the course.
- Be familiar with the grading system and passing requirements.
- Be familiar with the do's and don'ts of the course.
- Receive a brief introduction to each topic from the staff members.
2. Cellular adaptation (cell injury and adaptation)
Pathology
- List the causes of cell injury.
- Understand the concept of reversible and irreversible injury.
- Describe the morphological changes in reversible and irreversible injury.
- Define adaptation and list the most common types.
- Define hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy and metaplasia, and list their causes with examples.
3. Cell injury (accumulations, calcification and cell death)
Pathology
- Describe lipid, protein and glycogen accumulation in cells.
- List endogenous and exogenous pigments.
- List examples of dystrophic and metastatic calcification.
- Define necrosis, autolysis, heterolysis and apoptosis.
4. Apoptosis and Amyloidosis (necrosis, apoptosis, ageing and hypoxic injury)
Pathology
- Describe the morphology of necrosis and list the types of necrosis with examples.
- Describe the morphology and mechanism of apoptosis and list its causes with examples.
- Describe the theories of ageing.
- Compare ischaemia and hypoxia and discuss the time course of the molecular events after loss of oxygen, emphasising what distinguishes reversible from irreversible injury.
- List the subcellular alterations of cell injury in lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cytoskeleton.
- Compare free radical-induced and chemical cell injury in terms of their biochemical and molecular mechanisms.
5. Mechanism of cell injury I
Pathology
- Apply biochemistry and cellular physiology to differentiate pathogenic from physiologic mechanisms of cell death, their morphology, and the settings in which they are activated.
- Summarise the response to reperfusion injury and how reperfusion can exacerbate ischaemic injury.
6. Mechanism of cell injury II
Pathology
- Apply biochemistry and cellular physiology to differentiate pathogenic from physiologic mechanisms of cell death, their morphology, and the settings in which they are activated.
- Summarise the response to reperfusion injury and how reperfusion can exacerbate ischaemic injury.
7. Intracellular accumulation
Pathology
- Discuss the significance of intracellular accumulations of lipids, proteins, glycogen and exogenous and endogenous pigments.
- Describe the mechanisms of intracellular accumulations and their morphologic and clinical consequences.
- Compare fatty change (steatosis) and fatty infiltration by cause, pathogenesis, organs involved and histology.
- Compare dystrophic and metastatic calcification by definition, aetiology, pathogenesis, morphology, sites, associated diseases and clinical significance.
8. Acute inflammation I
Pathology
- List the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
- Describe the events of acute inflammation.
- List the chemical mediators involved in inflammation.
- List the possible outcomes of acute inflammation.
- List the causes of chronic inflammation.
9. Acute inflammation II (chronic and granulomatous inflammation)
Pathology
- Describe the morphology of chronic inflammation.
- Describe the morphology of granulomatous inflammation.
- Describe two types of giant cells.
- List the causes of granulomatous inflammation.
10. Acute inflammation III (morphologic patterns and systemic effects)
Pathology
- List examples of serous inflammation.
- Define pus, an abscess and an ulcer.
- Describe the morphology of an ulcer.
- List the systemic effects of inflammation.
11. Acute inflammation IV (tissue repair and cell renewal)
Pathology
- Describe the two types of tissue repair.
- Describe the cell cycle and the factors controlling it.
- Define labile, stable and permanent cells and give examples.
- Define stem cells, their main types with examples, and some of their applications in medicine.
12. Inflammation and repair I
Pathology
- Understand the function, structure and components of the extracellular matrix.
- Describe fibrosis.
- Describe healing by first and second intention.
- List the local and systemic factors that affect wound healing.
13. Inflammation and repair II
Pathology
- List the complications of healing.
14. Neoplasia I (definitions, nomenclature and precancerous lesions)
Pathology
- Define and use in context: neoplasia, neoplasm, tumour, cancer, oncology, benign and malignant.
- Define parenchyma, stroma, desmoplasia, scirrhous tumour, mixed tumour, fibroadenoma, teratoma, choristoma, hamartoma and blastoma.
- Discuss dysplasia, anaplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasion and metastasis with specific examples.
- Outline the classification and nomenclature of benign and malignant neoplasms, including the prefixes, suffixes and exceptions.
- Compare normal and neoplastic tissue, adenoma and carcinoma, and carcinoma and sarcoma by tissue of origin.
- Discuss precancerous lesions: definition, aetiology, pathogenesis, growth kinetics and common examples.
15. Neoplasia II (epidemiology, genetic predisposition, grading and staging)
Pathology
- Discuss the epidemiology of benign and malignant neoplasms: incidence, prevalence, geography, environment, age and heredity.
- Give examples of variation in the type and incidence of neoplasms with geography, age, sex, race, occupation and socioeconomic status.
- Compare acquired and germline cancer-causing mutations.
- Compare grading and staging of neoplastic disease in principle and clinical significance.
16. Neoplasia III (molecular genetics and the carcinoma sequence)
Pathology
- List the karyotypic and molecular genetic changes of neoplastic cells, including the translocations t(8;14) and t(9;22).
- Describe the metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma in situ–invasive carcinoma sequence.
- Discuss the multifactorial theory of the origin of neoplasia.
- Discuss the relationship between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes.
- Compare proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in genotypic and phenotypic expression.
17. Neoplasia IV (oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and metastasis)
Pathology
- Describe the oncogenes ras, BCR-ABL, myc and c-erbB: chromosomal location, mechanism and associated neoplasms.
- Describe the tumour suppressor genes Rb, TP53 and APC: chromosomal location, mechanism and associated neoplasms.
- Discuss the metastasis of malignant neoplasms.
- Evaluate the role in human cancer of physical, chemical and infectious agents, chronic inflammation, benign tumours, genetic disease and predisposition, hormones and the immune response, with one neoplasm for each.
18. Neoplasia V (carcinogenic agents, oncogenic viruses and susceptibility syndromes)
Pathology
- Match cyclophosphamide, tobacco, aflatoxin, asbestos, benzene, 2-naphthylamine, vinyl chloride, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C, Epstein–Barr virus, HPV, HIV, HTLV-1, ultraviolet and ionising radiation and radon with their associated neoplasms.
- List the DNA viruses linked to tumour formation.
- Describe the connections between viruses and tumours: epidemiology, interactions of viral proteins with cell regulatory proteins, and modulation of the host immune system.
- Describe xeroderma pigmentosum and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer: genetic abnormality, mechanism of oncogenesis and clinical features of the associated neoplasms.
19. Neoplasia VI (radiation carcinogenesis and tumour immunity)
Pathology
- Explain the carcinogenic effect of irradiation.
- Describe the immune system and its role in the development of neoplasms.
- Discuss the mechanisms neoplasms use to escape immunosurveillance in an immunocompetent host.
- Discuss tumour-specific and tumour-associated antigens.
20. Neoplasia VII (laboratory diagnosis of neoplasms)
Pathology
- Describe the indications, advantages and disadvantages of imaging, histology, exfoliative and fine needle aspiration cytology, tumour markers and molecular tests in diagnosing and monitoring neoplasms.
- List the secretions and fluids examined cytologically in the diagnosis of malignancy.
21. Neoplasia VIII (clinical effects of neoplasms)
Pathology
- List the organs in which cytology plays an important role in cancer case finding.
- Give at least three examples of paraneoplastic syndromes.
- Match human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein with their associated neoplasms.
- Contrast the effects of benign and malignant tumours on the host.
- List the common signs and symptoms of malignancy.
- List the common causes of death from cancer.
22. Hemodynamic disorders I (oedema, hyperaemia and congestion)
Pathology
- Define oedema, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, hydroperitoneum, pleural and pericardial effusion, ascites, anasarca, exudate and transudate, and describe their morphology with examples.
- List the causes of oedema with examples.
- Define and contrast hyperaemia and congestion.
- Describe the morphology of pulmonary and hepatic congestion.
23. Hemodynamic disorders II (haemorrhage, haemostasis and thrombosis)
Pathology
- Define haemorrhage and related terms (haemorrhagic diathesis, haematoma, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, haemothorax, haemopericardium, haemoperitoneum, haemarthrosis) and list the causes of haemorrhage.
- Define haemostasis, describe its steps and the roles of endothelium and platelets, and understand the coagulation cascade.
- Define thrombosis, the factors influencing thrombus formation, and the fate and complications of thrombi.
- List the hypercoagulable states.
24. Hemodynamic disorders III (embolism and infarction)
Pathology
- List the hypercoagulable states.
- Define venous thrombosis and embolism and list their types, causes and consequences with examples.
- Know the meaning, causes and morphology of infarction.
25. Hemodynamic disorders IV (shock)
Pathology
- Know the basic pathophysiology and major clinical manifestations of shock, its three main pathogenetic types and their clinical stages.