MED 231 · علم الأمراض العام
السنة 2 · 25 محاضرة · 3 ساعات معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
موقعها في الخطة الاسترشادية 2023: السنة الثانية، الفصل الأول
وصف المساق (من الجامعة)
This course deals with the investigation of pathological mechanisms common to all tissue-cell pathology. Attention is paid to the processes of cell injury, cellular adaptation, cellular accumulation, acute and chronic inflammation, repair, neoplasia and hemodynamics. Lecture will attempt first to familiarize the student with our basic layers of defense. Next those vocabulary terms and concepts relevant to the disease process will be introduced. The terminology employed is both medical and chiropractic. Processes and concepts will be developed with the aid of Data show. An interactive format is employed in which the instructor poses questions to enable the student to self-test their knowledge prior to exams and develop skills in communicating these basic pathological concepts to others. During the course and whenever relevant the students are exposed to clinical problems to emphasize the explanations of symptoms, signs, investigations and forms of treatment. Practical sessions are planned to give students the opportunity to expose their knowledge for discussion and confirm concepts learned in lectures. Small group discussions of clinical cases are planned during the course where students are divided into small groups and with the help of an instructor, they analyze and discuss the problem. The course will be given through 25 lectures, 6 practical (laboratory) sessions, and two small group discussion activities (clinical cases) over 15 weeks and for one whole semester. The teaching should take an interactive pattern engaging basic clinical knowledge with clinical scenarios and appropriate laboratory investigations. Assessment of achievement is through two written exams of multiple-choice question (MCQ) type. The first exam is conducted at week 5 (composed of 30 questions,~ 3/lecture or lab session), and the second exam at week 11 (composed of 25 questions,~ 3/lecture or lab session), A Quiz (composed of 5 questions), and the final exam (composed of 40 questions,~ 4/lecture & 3/lab session) The activities of small group discussion (SGD) of clinical cases are planned during the course where students are divided into small groups and with the help of an instructor they analyze and discuss an actual case-problem of daily practice in relation to topics discussed in the course.
كيف تُحسب علامة المساق في الجامعة
مساقات السنة الأولى وبداية الثانية والمساقات النظرية، للطلبة المقبولين من 2018/2019
- ٥٥٪اختباران فصليان (٢٧٫٥ علامة لكل منهما)
- ٥٪الانضباط والسلوك والمواظبة
- ٤٠٪الامتحان النهائي
ماذا يقيس المساق، ووزن كل جزء
- 100%Outcomes
- 30%CLO1
- 30%CLO2
- 25%CLO3
الكتاب المقرر
- Robbins & Kumar Basic Pathology (Robbins Pathology), Vinay Kumar MBBS MD FRCPath (Editor), Abul K. Abbas MBBS (Editor), Jon C. Aster MD PhD (11th Edition)
الخطة التفصيلية للمساق على موقع الجامعة · صادرة الفصل الأول 2025/2026
مواد ذات صلة في السنة الثانية
هذه الوحدة في جامعتك
المحاضرات وأهدافها
1. Orientation and introductory meeting
Pathology
- Understand the general outline of the course.
- Be familiar with the teaching modalities throughout the course.
- Be familiar with the grading system and passing requirements.
- Be familiar with the do's and don'ts of the course.
- Receive a brief introduction to each topic from the staff members.
2. Cellular adaptation (cell injury and adaptation)
Pathology
- List the causes of cell injury.
- Understand the concept of reversible and irreversible injury.
- Describe the morphological changes in reversible and irreversible injury.
- Define adaptation and list the most common types.
- Define hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy and metaplasia, and list their causes with examples.
3. Cell injury (accumulations, calcification and cell death)
Pathology
- Describe lipid, protein and glycogen accumulation in cells.
- List endogenous and exogenous pigments.
- List examples of dystrophic and metastatic calcification.
- Define necrosis, autolysis, heterolysis and apoptosis.
4. Apoptosis and Amyloidosis (necrosis, apoptosis, ageing and hypoxic injury)
Pathology
- Describe the morphology of necrosis and list the types of necrosis with examples.
- Describe the morphology and mechanism of apoptosis and list its causes with examples.
- Describe the theories of ageing.
- Compare ischaemia and hypoxia and discuss the time course of the molecular events after loss of oxygen, emphasising what distinguishes reversible from irreversible injury.
- List the subcellular alterations of cell injury in lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cytoskeleton.
- Compare free radical-induced and chemical cell injury in terms of their biochemical and molecular mechanisms.
5. Mechanism of cell injury I
Pathology
- Apply biochemistry and cellular physiology to differentiate pathogenic from physiologic mechanisms of cell death, their morphology, and the settings in which they are activated.
- Summarise the response to reperfusion injury and how reperfusion can exacerbate ischaemic injury.
6. Mechanism of cell injury II
Pathology
- Apply biochemistry and cellular physiology to differentiate pathogenic from physiologic mechanisms of cell death, their morphology, and the settings in which they are activated.
- Summarise the response to reperfusion injury and how reperfusion can exacerbate ischaemic injury.
7. Intracellular accumulation
Pathology
- Discuss the significance of intracellular accumulations of lipids, proteins, glycogen and exogenous and endogenous pigments.
- Describe the mechanisms of intracellular accumulations and their morphologic and clinical consequences.
- Compare fatty change (steatosis) and fatty infiltration by cause, pathogenesis, organs involved and histology.
- Compare dystrophic and metastatic calcification by definition, aetiology, pathogenesis, morphology, sites, associated diseases and clinical significance.
8. Acute inflammation I
Pathology
- List the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
- Describe the events of acute inflammation.
- List the chemical mediators involved in inflammation.
- List the possible outcomes of acute inflammation.
- List the causes of chronic inflammation.
9. Acute inflammation II (chronic and granulomatous inflammation)
Pathology
- Describe the morphology of chronic inflammation.
- Describe the morphology of granulomatous inflammation.
- Describe two types of giant cells.
- List the causes of granulomatous inflammation.
10. Acute inflammation III (morphologic patterns and systemic effects)
Pathology
- List examples of serous inflammation.
- Define pus, an abscess and an ulcer.
- Describe the morphology of an ulcer.
- List the systemic effects of inflammation.
11. Acute inflammation IV (tissue repair and cell renewal)
Pathology
- Describe the two types of tissue repair.
- Describe the cell cycle and the factors controlling it.
- Define labile, stable and permanent cells and give examples.
- Define stem cells, their main types with examples, and some of their applications in medicine.
12. Inflammation and repair I
Pathology
- Understand the function, structure and components of the extracellular matrix.
- Describe fibrosis.
- Describe healing by first and second intention.
- List the local and systemic factors that affect wound healing.
13. Inflammation and repair II
Pathology
- List the complications of healing.
14. Neoplasia I (definitions, nomenclature and precancerous lesions)
Pathology
- Define and use in context: neoplasia, neoplasm, tumour, cancer, oncology, benign and malignant.
- Define parenchyma, stroma, desmoplasia, scirrhous tumour, mixed tumour, fibroadenoma, teratoma, choristoma, hamartoma and blastoma.
- Discuss dysplasia, anaplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasion and metastasis with specific examples.
- Outline the classification and nomenclature of benign and malignant neoplasms, including the prefixes, suffixes and exceptions.
- Compare normal and neoplastic tissue, adenoma and carcinoma, and carcinoma and sarcoma by tissue of origin.
- Discuss precancerous lesions: definition, aetiology, pathogenesis, growth kinetics and common examples.
15. Neoplasia II (epidemiology, genetic predisposition, grading and staging)
Pathology
- Discuss the epidemiology of benign and malignant neoplasms: incidence, prevalence, geography, environment, age and heredity.
- Give examples of variation in the type and incidence of neoplasms with geography, age, sex, race, occupation and socioeconomic status.
- Compare acquired and germline cancer-causing mutations.
- Compare grading and staging of neoplastic disease in principle and clinical significance.
16. Neoplasia III (molecular genetics and the carcinoma sequence)
Pathology
- List the karyotypic and molecular genetic changes of neoplastic cells, including the translocations t(8;14) and t(9;22).
- Describe the metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma in situ–invasive carcinoma sequence.
- Discuss the multifactorial theory of the origin of neoplasia.
- Discuss the relationship between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes.
- Compare proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in genotypic and phenotypic expression.
17. Neoplasia IV (oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and metastasis)
Pathology
- Describe the oncogenes ras, BCR-ABL, myc and c-erbB: chromosomal location, mechanism and associated neoplasms.
- Describe the tumour suppressor genes Rb, TP53 and APC: chromosomal location, mechanism and associated neoplasms.
- Discuss the metastasis of malignant neoplasms.
- Evaluate the role in human cancer of physical, chemical and infectious agents, chronic inflammation, benign tumours, genetic disease and predisposition, hormones and the immune response, with one neoplasm for each.
18. Neoplasia V (carcinogenic agents, oncogenic viruses and susceptibility syndromes)
Pathology
- Match cyclophosphamide, tobacco, aflatoxin, asbestos, benzene, 2-naphthylamine, vinyl chloride, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C, Epstein–Barr virus, HPV, HIV, HTLV-1, ultraviolet and ionising radiation and radon with their associated neoplasms.
- List the DNA viruses linked to tumour formation.
- Describe the connections between viruses and tumours: epidemiology, interactions of viral proteins with cell regulatory proteins, and modulation of the host immune system.
- Describe xeroderma pigmentosum and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer: genetic abnormality, mechanism of oncogenesis and clinical features of the associated neoplasms.
19. Neoplasia VI (radiation carcinogenesis and tumour immunity)
Pathology
- Explain the carcinogenic effect of irradiation.
- Describe the immune system and its role in the development of neoplasms.
- Discuss the mechanisms neoplasms use to escape immunosurveillance in an immunocompetent host.
- Discuss tumour-specific and tumour-associated antigens.
20. Neoplasia VII (laboratory diagnosis of neoplasms)
Pathology
- Describe the indications, advantages and disadvantages of imaging, histology, exfoliative and fine needle aspiration cytology, tumour markers and molecular tests in diagnosing and monitoring neoplasms.
- List the secretions and fluids examined cytologically in the diagnosis of malignancy.
21. Neoplasia VIII (clinical effects of neoplasms)
Pathology
- List the organs in which cytology plays an important role in cancer case finding.
- Give at least three examples of paraneoplastic syndromes.
- Match human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein with their associated neoplasms.
- Contrast the effects of benign and malignant tumours on the host.
- List the common signs and symptoms of malignancy.
- List the common causes of death from cancer.
22. Hemodynamic disorders I (oedema, hyperaemia and congestion)
Pathology
- Define oedema, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, hydroperitoneum, pleural and pericardial effusion, ascites, anasarca, exudate and transudate, and describe their morphology with examples.
- List the causes of oedema with examples.
- Define and contrast hyperaemia and congestion.
- Describe the morphology of pulmonary and hepatic congestion.
23. Hemodynamic disorders II (haemorrhage, haemostasis and thrombosis)
Pathology
- Define haemorrhage and related terms (haemorrhagic diathesis, haematoma, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, haemothorax, haemopericardium, haemoperitoneum, haemarthrosis) and list the causes of haemorrhage.
- Define haemostasis, describe its steps and the roles of endothelium and platelets, and understand the coagulation cascade.
- Define thrombosis, the factors influencing thrombus formation, and the fate and complications of thrombi.
- List the hypercoagulable states.
24. Hemodynamic disorders III (embolism and infarction)
Pathology
- List the hypercoagulable states.
- Define venous thrombosis and embolism and list their types, causes and consequences with examples.
- Know the meaning, causes and morphology of infarction.
25. Hemodynamic disorders IV (shock)
Pathology
- Know the basic pathophysiology and major clinical manifestations of shock, its three main pathogenetic types and their clinical stages.
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