MED 132 — الفسيولوجيا العامة
السنة 1 · 28 محاضرة · 3 ساعة معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
1. Introduction to physiology and homeostatic mechanisms of major functional systems
Physiology
- Understand the general outline of the general physiology course (M132).
- Define homeostasis and understand its importance.
- Explain the term “internal environment” of the body.
- Describe the control systems of the body.
- Describe negative feedback mechanism of the body control system and the concept of gain of a control system.
- Describe positive feedback mechanism and understand why some time this mechanism can be harmful.
- Describe the adaptive control system.
2. Cell membrane
Physiology
- Describe the composition of a cell membrane.
- Explain process of diffusion.
- List the factors that affect diffusion process across the cell membrane.
- Understand the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion.
3. Transport of ions and molecules through the cell membrane
Physiology
- Explain process of diffusion.
- List the factors that affect diffusion process across the cell membrane.
- Understand the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion.
4. Active transport of ions across cell membrane
Physiology
- Describe primary active transport.
- Describe how energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to transport ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+ against their electrochemical differences.
- Explain how energy from the Na+ and K+ electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane can be used to drive the net “uphill” (against a gradient) movement of other solutes (e.g., Na+/glucose co-transport; Na+/Ca2+ exchange or counter-transport).
- Describe active transport through cellular sheet.
5. Body water; total body water and body fluid compartments
Physiology
- Understand body water balance in steady state.
- Contrast intracellular and extracellular fluid.
- Recognize ionic compositions of different body fluid compartments.
- Define osmotic pressure.
- Differentiate between the terms: osmole, osmolarity, osmolality and tonicity.
- Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic fluids.
- Describe the effect of adding or losing saline solutions to and from extracellular fluid.
6. Basic principles of osmosis and osmotic pressure; edema
Physiology
- Differentiate the following terms: osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure, as factors influencing movement across the capillaries wall.
- Differentiate between intracellular and extracellular edema.
- Describe causes and factors that prevent formation of edema.
7. Overview of hematological system
Physiology
- Describe the general characteristics of blood and discuss its major functions.
- Describe the functions of plasma proteins.
- Distinguish between the various types of cells found in blood.
8. Red and white blood cells
Physiology
- Describe structure, production, and function of erythrocytes.
- Describe types and functions of leukocytes.
9. Platelet structure and function, hemostasis, and blood grouping
Physiology
- Define hemostasis and explain the mechanisms that help to achieve it.
- Explain the role of the platelet in hemostasis.
- Explain the types of blood and how they differ. Discuss blood transfusion.
10. Origin of bioelectric potentials
Physiology
- Understand how the activity of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels generates an action potential and the roles of those channels in each phase (depolarization, overshoot, repolarization, hyperpolarization) of the action potential.
- Understand ionic basis of action potential and its properties.
- Contrast the mechanisms by which an action potential is propagated along both unmyelinated and myelinated axons.
11. Chemical synaptic transmission and synaptic potentials
Physiology
- Describe synapses.
- Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another.
- List neurotransmitters that carry the signal across a synapse.
- List the ways of terminating neurotransmitter action at synapse.
- Differentiate between excitatory and inhibitory synapses.
- Describe summation of postsynaptic potentials.
12. Overview of the respiratory systems; alveolar and pulmonary ventilation
Physiology
- Understand the concept of anatomic dead space.
- Understand the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation.
- Describe the gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary blood and factors that affect the movement of gases across alveolar wall.
13. Gas diffusion and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Physiology
- Understand how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the tissues in the blood.
- Describe the oxygen dissociation curve and the physiologic factors that can influence it.
- Describe the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood.
14. Control of breathing
Physiology
- Describe and understand respiratory centers in the brain stem that establish a rhythmic breathing pattern.
- Describe the effects of chemical factors; PO2, PCO2, and H+ on ventilation (peripheral and central chemoreceptors).
15. Excitation–contraction coupling and molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction
Physiology
- Identify the thick, thin filaments and bands of skeletal muscle fiber.
- Describe the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction.
- Describe the interaction between myosin and actin and the role of Ca++ in muscle contraction.
16. Neuromuscular junction and neuromuscular transmission
Physiology
- Define neuromuscular junction.
- Explain how acetylcholine is released and destructed at the neuromuscular junction.
- Understand how neuromuscular junction is affected by several chemical agents and diseases.
17. Overview functions and organization of nervous system
Physiology
- Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
- Describe the functional classes of neurons.
- List glial cell types and their function.
- Describe protection and nourishment of the brain.
18. Cerebral cortex areas and their functions
Physiology
- List the lobes of cerebral cortex and their function.
- List different regions of the cortex that control language.
- Describe electroencephalogram (electrical recording of activity of cortical neurons) and its use.
19. Basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus and hypothalamus
Physiology
- Describe the functions of the basal ganglia.
- Describe the functions of the cerebellum.
- Describe the functions of the thalamus and hypothalamus.
20. Autonomic nervous system
Physiology
- Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system based on: spinal cord division of origin, length of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, neurotransmitters and receptors at the ganglionic and target organ synapse.
- List the sensory input of the ANS.
- List the major central nervous system control centers of the ANS.
- Describe the functional effects of normal and abnormal ANS activity or lack of activity.
21. Spinal cord
Physiology
- Describe spinal reflexes.
- Trace the neuronal activity initiated by striking the patellar tendon with a percussion hammer (the stretch reflex) that leads to contraction of a muscle.
22. Overview of the cardiovascular system
Physiology
- Discuss the cardiac cycle and explain how it is controlled.
- Describe the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle.
- Understand the factors controlling the cardiac output.
- Describe the mechanism that aids in the return of venous blood to the heart.
23. Electrical activity of the heart
Physiology
- Understand the concept of autorhythmicity of cardiac muscle and pacemaker.
- Identify the parts of a normal ECG pattern and discuss the significance of this pattern.
24. Hemodynamics, blood pressure and blood flow
Physiology
- Explain how blood pressure is created and controlled.
- Compare the structures and functions of the major types of blood vessels.
- Explain how the resting membrane potential is generated.
- Describe the mechanisms that can change resting membrane potentials in excitable tissues.
25. Overview of endocrine system
Physiology
- Compare endocrine with nervous systems as control systems.
- Define hormones, their chemical structure, transport and receptors.
- Describe the variation in responsiveness of target cells to their hormones.
26. Hormones of pituitary gland
Physiology
- Describe lobes of the pituitary gland.
- List the hormones released from the pituitary gland.
- Understand the relationship between the hypothalamus and anterior and posterior pituitary.
- Understand the tropic nature of anterior pituitary hormones.
- Describe the metabolic effects of GH.
27. Thyroid gland and its hormones
Physiology
- Describe thyroid gland.
- Describe the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3).
- Describe the effects of thyroid hormones on the body.
- Describe the regulation of thyroid gland secretion by hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis.
- Describe the consequences of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
28. General aspects of digestion
Physiology
- Describe general aspects of digestion.
- Describe the organization of the digestive system, its components, and regulation of the basic processes.
- Describe pancreatic and biliary secretion.
- Describe digestion and absorption.