MED 272 · الجهاز المكوّن للدم واللمفي

السنة 2 · 28 محاضرة · 6 ساعات معتمدة

العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.

موقعها في الخطة الاسترشادية 2023: السنة الثانية، الفصل الثاني

الخطة التفصيلية للمساق على موقع الجامعة · صادرة الفصل الثاني 2025/2026

المحاضرات وأهدافها

1. 1. Introduction to hematopoietic system

   Multidisciplinary

   • Understand the general outline of the module.
   • Be familiar with the modalities of teaching throughout the course.
   • Acknowledge the important relation between normal and abnormal structure and function.
   • Appreciate the importance of basic sciences in clinical application.

2. 2. Characteristics of blood

   Physiology

   • Describe the composition of blood.
   • Understand the functions of blood.
   • Understand factors affecting viscosity of blood.

3. 3. Porphyrins, heme and hemoglobin

   Biochemistry

   • Describe synthesis of porphyrins.
   • Describe regulation of heme synthesis.
   • Know types and causes of porphyrias.
   • Describe degradation of heme and jaundice.
   • Know structural features of human hemoglobin.
   • Know different types of human globin genes.
   • Know different types of normal hemoglobin.
   • Know the developmental expression of globin genes.
   • Identify some abnormal hemoglobins.

4. 4. Heme-lymphoid tissue I/II/III

   Anatomy

   • Describe briefly the microscopic morphology of various blood cell types.
   • Discuss the development of various blood cell types.
   • Understand the origin and composition of lymphatic fluid.
   • Explain the circulation of lymph in the body.
   • Describe the major lymph vessels in the body.
   • List the major lymph node groups in the body.
   • Describe the microscopic structure of lymph node (mucosa and other associated lymphoid tissue).
   • Describe the microscopic structure of spleen.
   • Describe the microscopic structure of tonsils.
   • Describe the microscopic structure of thymus.

5. 5. Hematopoiesis

   Physiology

   • Understand the concept of hematopoiesis.
   • Name organs responsible for hematopoiesis in the fetus and list the developmental stages of hematopoiesis both prenatally and postnatally.
   • Understand the concept of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell, and the growth factors involved.
   • Understand the nutritional requirement for hematopoiesis specifically, B12, folic acid and iron.
   • Describe cellular stages of hematopoiesis.

6. 6. Hemoglobin structure and function

   Biochemistry

   • Describe the mechanism of oxygen binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin.
   • Describe the conformational differences between deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin.
   • Define the concept of cooperativity in oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
   • Describe the Bohr effect and its role in modulating the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
   • Explain how 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate interacts with hemoglobin and influences oxygen binding.
   • Summarize the processes by which carbon dioxide is transported from peripheral tissues to the lungs.

7. 7. Physiology of RBCs/WBCs

   Physiology

   • Describe RBCs structure and its structure-function relationship.
   • Understand the different functions of RBCs.
   • Understand structure-function relationship of RBCs cell membrane like fluidity.
   • Identify the physiological factors that affect RBCs count.
   • Understand the life span of RBCs and its relationship to blood donation.
   • Recognize the different structural types of WBCs and their physiological functions.
   • Define the life span of WBCs and the physiological implication of that. Differentiate between migrating and circulating pools of WBCs.

8. 8. Anemia classification/diagnosis

   Pathology

   • Name and describe the maturational sequence of erythroid cells in the bone marrow using the terms: proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast and reticulocyte.
   • Classify anemia according to pathophysiologic criteria.
   • Classify anemia according to mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and give three examples of each type.
   • Discuss the reticulocyte count, corrected reticulocyte count, and diseases associated with high and low numbers.

9. 9. Drugs used in anemia

   Pharmacology

   • Describe the normal mechanism of regulation of iron in the body.
   • List the major forms of iron used in the therapy of anemias.
   • List the anemias for which iron supplementation is indicated and those for which it is contraindicated.
   • Describe the acute and chronic toxicity of iron.
   • Describe the major hazards involved in the use of folic acid as sole therapy for megaloblastic anemia.
   • Describe the major bone marrow colony stimulating factors.

10. 10. Molecular basis of hemoglobin disorders

    Biochemistry

    • Understand the molecular basis of sickle cell disease and trait.
    • Understand the molecular basis of beta thalassemia.
    • Know molecular basis of alpha thalassemia and types.
    • Know what is hemoglobin Lepore and how it is produced.
    • Understand the molecular basis of delta-beta thalassemia.

11. 11. Hemolytic anemia I/II

    Pathology

    • Identify the different types of hemolytic anemia (intravascular vs. extravascular / intracorpuscular vs. extracorpuscular), their clinical presentation, pathologic findings and relevant laboratory tests and appropriate diagnostic approach.

12. 12. Blood coagulation

    Physiology

    • Understand the structure, function and life span of platelets.
    • Understand the interaction of platelets, blood vessels and plasma coagulation factors in hemostasis.
    • Understand the role of the liver in normal hemostasis.
    • Understand the process and stages (cascade) of blood coagulation and its significance.
    • List and understand the role of factors involved in blood coagulation.

13. 13. Congenital bleeding disorders and DIC

    Pathology

    • For each of von Willebrand disease, hemophilia A and hemophilia B, describe inheritance, etiology, clinical presentations, laboratory findings and treatment.
    • Understand the correct usage and significance of abnormalities of prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), thrombin time (TT), and platelet count.
    • For disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), describe etiology, clinical presentations and complications.

14. 14. Drugs used in coagulation disorders I/II

    Pharmacology

    • Compare the oral anticoagulants with heparin in terms of their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, and toxicities.
    • Understand the pharmacological aspects of thrombolytic preparations.
    • Understand the pharmacological aspects of antiplatelet drugs.
    • List three different drugs used to treat disorders of excessive bleeding.

15. 15. Inherited disorders of platelet function, ITP and TTP

    Pathology

    • Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, laboratory results and patient management of adult and pediatric ITP.
    • Identify the mechanism of neonatal and post-transfusion thrombocytopenia.
    • Describe the clinical findings and laboratory results of TTP.

16. 16. Community health aspects of anemia

    Community Medicine

    • Categorize socio-economic variables that influence community dietary practices with special reference to anemia.
    • Describe the major nutritional risk factors in the determination of anemia.

17. 17. Blood grouping and transfusion

    Pathology

    • Understand the principles of ABH blood group system.
    • Understand the principles of Rh blood group system.
    • Understand the principles of the HLA system.

18. 18. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

    Pathology

    • Understand the general characteristics of NHL, with reference to pathogenesis, classification and procedures used to diagnose them.
    • Describe the grading systems of NHL.
    • Compare the histopathologic, immunologic and clinical features of NHL.
    • List three chromosomal translocations associated with NHL; describe the oncogenes associated with them.
    • Describe the morphology of small lymphocytes, small cleaved cells, mantle cells, immunoblasts, prolymphocytes, small non-cleaved cells, and lymphoblasts.

19. 19. Hodgkin lymphoma

    Pathology

    • Describe the appearance of Reed-Sternberg cells and identify the significance of their presence.
    • Define the meaning of “background” appearance of Hodgkin’s disease and how it is used in diagnosis and classification of this disease.
    • Describe the staging system of Hodgkin disease.
    • List the four types of Hodgkin’s disease; describe their clinical presentations, general guidelines for patient evaluation and management.

20. 20. Bacterial infection I/II [Salmonella typhi (enteric fever), Brucella, and others]

    Microbiology

    • Understand bacterial classification and characteristic properties.
    • Understand bacterial virulence factors and pathogenesis.
    • Outline clinical presentation and differential diagnosis.
    • Understand laboratory diagnosis including specimen collection, culture techniques, and sensitivity to antibiotics.
    • Describe management options including specific therapeutic agents.
    • Describe epidemiological aspects including modes of transmission, prevention and control measures.

21. 21. Blood culture

    Microbiology

    • Understand clinical indications.
    • Describe specimen collection including aseptic techniques, timing, volume, and number of bottles.
    • Differentiate conventional vs. automated techniques.
    • Be able to interpret results and specific identification properties.
    • Identify alternative methods.

22. 22. Anti-neoplastic drugs I/II

    Pharmacology

    • Recognize the general principles of cancer therapy.
    • Understand the three main lines of cancer therapy.
    • Understand methods of administration of cytotoxic drugs and the rules for combination therapy.
    • Understand the terms: adjuvant therapy, growth fraction and cell cycle.
    • Understand the mode of drug action either phase-specific or non-specific.
    • Classify cytotoxic drugs and explain their mechanisms of action.
    • Recognize the major adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs.

23. 23. Clinical management of lymphoma/leukemia

    Medicine

    • Understand the different modalities of treatment of hemato-lymphoid malignancies: chemotherapy (adjuvant and neoadjuvant), surgery, radiotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, and bone marrow transplantation.
    • Identify features that put patients at increased risk of complications of treatment.
    • Describe the common complications of chemotherapy and how to prevent and treat such complications.
    • Describe the clinical presentations, complications and patient management of acute leukemias.

24. 24. Acute leukemia I/II

    Pathology

    • Understand the classification of acute leukemias (AML/ALL).
    • Define the term “blast”.
    • Describe the normal phenotypic changes seen in differentiating myeloblasts and lymphoblasts.
    • List chromosomal abnormalities associated with acute leukemias. Identify the oncogenes associated with them and their effects on prognosis.

25. 25. Viral infections [cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and parvovirus (B19)]

    Microbiology

    • Viral classification and characteristics properties.
    • Growth, multiplication, and pathogenesis.
    • Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis.
    • Laboratory diagnosis including specimen collection.
    • Management including specific therapeutic agents.
    • Epidemiology including modes of transmission, prevention and control measures.

26. 26. Parasitic infections [malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis, and filariasis]

    Microbiology

    • Parasitic classification and characteristic properties.
    • Life cycle and pathogenesis.
    • Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis.
    • Laboratory diagnosis including specimen collection, and microscopic findings.
    • Management including specific therapeutic agents.
    • Epidemiology including modes of transmission, prevention and control measures.

27. 27. Immunosuppressant agents

    Pharmacology

    • Recognize the general principles of immunosuppressant therapy.
    • List the common drugs which have an immunosuppressive effect.
    • Understand the mode of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicities for these agents.
    • Understand the new modalities of immunosuppressant therapies.

28. 28. Bone marrow transplantation

    Medicine

    • Apply the knowledge given in the blood grouping system in blood transfusion.
    • Apply the knowledge given in the blood grouping system into organ transplantation.
    • Understand how to use this knowledge in the clinical practice.