MED 265 — علم الأحياء الدقيقة العام
السنة 2 · 21 محاضرة · 3 ساعة معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
1. Introduction to microbiology
Microbiology
- Define microbiology, pathogens, nonpathogens and opportunistic pathogens.
- Differentiate acellular microbes from cellular microorganisms with examples of each.
- List reasons why microbes are important.
- Explain the relationship between microbes and infectious diseases, and differentiate infectious diseases from microbial intoxications.
- List the contributions of Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch.
- Differentiate biogenesis from abiogenesis and explain the germ theory of disease.
- Outline Koch's postulates and the circumstances in which they may not apply.
- Discuss two medically related fields of microbiology.
2. Microscopy in microbiology
Microbiology
- Explain the relationships among centimetres, millimetres, micrometres and nanometres.
- State the metric units used for the sizes of bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
- Compare simple, compound light, electron and atomic force microscopes.
3. Cell structure and taxonomy
Microbiology
- Explain the cell theory and the contributions of Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow.
- Give a function for each part of a eukaryotic cell: membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, cytoskeleton, cell wall, flagella and cilia.
- Give a function for each part of a bacterial cell: membrane, chromosome, cell wall, capsule, flagella, pili and endospores.
- Compare plant, animal and bacterial cells.
- Define genus, specific epithet and species.
- Describe the five-kingdom and three-domain systems of classification.
4. Diversity of the microbial world: viruses and bacteria
Microbiology
- Describe the characteristics used to classify viruses and five properties that distinguish viruses from bacteria.
- List important viral diseases of humans.
- Discuss the differences between viroids and prions and the diseases they cause.
- List ways of classifying bacteria and state the three purposes of fixation.
- Define the terms for bacterial arrangements and shapes: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, tetrad, octad, coccobacilli, diplobacilli, streptobacilli and pleomorphism.
- Define obligate aerobe, microaerophile, facultative anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, obligate anaerobe and capnophile.
- State the key differences among rickettsias, chlamydias and mycoplasmas.
- Identify important bacterial diseases of humans and state how archaea differ from bacteria.
5. Diversity of the microbial world: algae, protozoa and fungi
Microbiology
- Compare algae, protozoa and fungi.
- Explain the cause and medical significance of a red tide.
- List the four major categories of protozoa and their differentiating characteristics.
- Define pellicle, cytostome and stigma.
- List five major protozoal and five major fungal diseases of humans.
- Define phycotoxins and mycotoxins and state their importance.
- Explain aerial and vegetative hyphae, septate and aseptate hyphae, and sexual and asexual spores.
- Explain the major difference between a lichen and a slime mould.
6. The biochemistry of life
Microbiology
- Name the four main categories of biochemical molecules.
- Describe monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides with examples, and the differences between trioses to heptoses.
- Compare dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions, and covalent, glycosidic and peptide bonds.
- Discuss the roles of enzymes and define apoenzyme, cofactor, coenzyme, holoenzyme and substrate.
- State the differences between DNA and RNA and their nucleotides.
- Define the central dogma and describe DNA replication, transcription and translation.
7. Microbial physiology and genetics
Microbiology
- Define phototroph, chemotroph, autotroph, heterotroph, photoautotroph, chemoheterotroph, endoenzyme, exoenzyme, plasmid, R-factor, superbug, mutation, mutant and mutagen.
- Differentiate catabolism from anabolism and explain the role of ATP.
- Briefly describe glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, oxidation–reduction reactions and photosynthesis.
- Explain beneficial, harmful and silent mutations.
- Describe lysogenic conversion, transduction, transformation and conjugation.
8. Controlling microbial growth in vitro
Microbiology
- List the factors that affect microbial growth and describe psychrophilic, mesophilic, thermophilic, halophilic, haloduric, alkaliphilic, acidophilic and piezophilic organisms.
- Differentiate enriched, selective and differential media with examples, and explain aseptic technique.
- Draw a bacterial growth curve, label its four phases, and explain why bacteria die in the death phase.
- Name three ways to culture obligate intracellular pathogens.
- Differentiate sterilisation, disinfection and sanitisation, and bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents.
- Explain pasteurisation and lyophilisation and list physical methods that inhibit microbial growth.
- State how disinfectants kill microorganisms and the factors that influence their effectiveness.
- Explain why antibiotics in animal feed and household products are controversial.
9. Controlling pathogens in vivo with antimicrobial agents
Microbiology
- Identify the characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent and compare chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents and antibiotics.
- State the five common mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents.
- Differentiate narrow- from broad-spectrum agents.
- Identify the four common mechanisms of bacterial resistance and what MRSA and MRSE stand for.
- Define the beta-lactam ring, beta-lactam antibiotics and beta-lactamase, and name two groups of enzymes that destroy the ring.
- State actions clinicians and patients can take against drug resistance, and explain empiric therapy.
- List the factors considered before prescribing an antimicrobial, its undesirable effects, and what a superinfection is.
- Explain synergism and antagonism between antimicrobial agents.
10. Microbial ecology and microbial biotechnology
Microbiology
- Define ecology, human ecology and microbial ecology.
- List the categories of symbiosis and differentiate mutualism, commensalism and parasitism with examples.
- Discuss the beneficial and harmful roles of the indigenous microbiota.
- Describe biofilms and their impact on human health.
- Outline the nitrogen cycle.
- Define biotechnology and bioremediation with examples, and name foods that require microbial activity.
11. Epidemiology and public health
Microbiology
- Define epidemiology and differentiate infectious, communicable and contagious diseases.
- Differentiate incidence from prevalence.
- Distinguish sporadic, endemic, nonendemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases.
- List the six components of the chain of infection in order, with living and nonliving reservoirs.
- List five modes of transmission of infectious disease.
- List examples of potential biological warfare agents.
- Outline water treatment and explain the coliform count and its importance.
12. Healthcare epidemiology and healthcare-associated infections
Microbiology
- Differentiate healthcare-associated, community-acquired and iatrogenic infections.
- List the seven pathogens and four types of infection most common in healthcare settings.
- List the patients most vulnerable to healthcare-associated infections and the three major contributing factors.
- Differentiate medical and surgical asepsis and state the most effective way to reduce healthcare-associated infections.
- Differentiate standard precautions from the three types of transmission-based precautions, and describe protective environments.
- Describe the handling of food, utensils, fomites and sharps in healthcare settings.
- List the responsibilities of an infection control committee and the laboratory's role in infection control.
13. Diagnosing infectious diseases
Microbiology
- Discuss the role of healthcare professionals in collecting and transporting clinical specimens.
- List the types of clinical specimens submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory and the general precautions in handling them.
- Describe the correct collection of blood, urine, CSF, sputum, throat swabs, wound specimens, gonococcal cultures and faecal specimens.
- State the information required on specimen labels and test requisitions.
- Outline the organisation of the pathology department and the clinical microbiology laboratory, including anatomical and clinical pathology and their staff.
14. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases
Microbiology
- Give reasons why a person may not develop disease after exposure to a pathogen.
- Discuss the four phases in the course of an infectious disease.
- Differentiate localised from systemic, acute from subacute and chronic, and primary from secondary infections.
- Differentiate symptoms from signs and give examples of latent infections.
- List the six steps in the pathogenesis of an infectious disease.
- Define virulence and virulence factors, and list bacterial structures and exoenzymes that act as virulence factors.
- Differentiate endotoxins from exotoxins and list six exotoxins with their diseases.
- Describe three mechanisms by which pathogens escape the immune response.
15. Nonspecific host defence mechanisms
Microbiology
- Define host defence mechanisms, antibody, antigen, lysozyme, microbial antagonism, bacteriocins, pyrogen, interferon, complement, opsonisation, inflammation, phagocytosis and chemotaxis.
- Describe the three lines of defence, with an example of each, and how nonspecific differ from specific defences.
- Identify how the digestive system is protected from pathogens and how interferons act.
- Describe the benefits of complement activation.
- List the signs of inflammation and the purposes of the inflammatory response.
- Describe the four steps of phagocytosis, the categories of leukocytes and granulocytes, and how pathogens escape phagocytes.
- Categorise the disorders that affect nonspecific host defences.
16. Specific host defence mechanisms: an introduction to immunology
Microbiology
- Define immunology, immunity, antigenic determinant, immunoglobulins, primary and secondary responses, agammaglobulinaemia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, T cell, B cell, plasma cell and immunosuppression.
- Differentiate humoral from cell-mediated immunity.
- Distinguish natural and artificial, active and passive acquired immunity with examples.
- Outline the processing of T-independent and T-dependent antigens and the two primary functions of the immune system.
- Draw a monomeric antibody and describe the five immunoglobulin classes.
- List the cells killed by natural killer cells.
- Name the four types of hypersensitivity, outline an allergic reaction from sensitisation to symptoms, and give examples of allergens.
- List explanations for a positive PPD skin test.
17. Overview of infectious diseases
Microbiology
- Define the terms and abbreviations used for infectious diseases.
- Categorise infectious diseases by body system.
18. Viral infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Correlate viral diseases with body systems.
- Correlate a viral disease with its characteristics, agent, reservoirs, transmission and laboratory diagnosis.
- Name nationally notifiable viral diseases and describe briefly how viruses cause disease.
- Describe Koplik spots and their disease.
- Classify the hepatitis viruses as DNA or RNA viruses.
- List sexually transmitted viral diseases.
19. Bacterial infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Name nationally notifiable bacterial diseases.
- Correlate a bacterial disease with its signs and symptoms, agent, reservoirs, transmission and laboratory diagnosis.
- Give an example of a bacterial disease at a given body site.
- Differentiate gangrene from gas gangrene.
- Correlate bacterial sexually transmitted diseases with their agents.
- Name rickettsial or ehrlichial infections of the cardiovascular system and diseases caused by anaerobic bacteria.
- Describe biofilm-associated human diseases and state in general how bacterial infections are treated.
20. Fungal infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Define mycosis, dimorphic, cutaneous and systemic.
- Categorise fungal diseases by body system.
- Correlate a fungal disease with its characteristics, agent, reservoirs, transmission and laboratory diagnosis.
- Explain briefly how fungi cause disease.
- Classify a fungal infection as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous or systemic.
- State diseases caused by dimorphic fungi.
21. Parasitic infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Differentiate ectoparasites from endoparasites, definitive from intermediate hosts, facultative from obligate parasites, and mechanical from biologic vectors.
- Classify a parasitic infection as protozoal or helminthic.
- Categorise parasitic infections by body system.
- Correlate a parasitic infection with its characteristics, causative agent, reservoirs and modes of transmission.