MED 265 · علم الأحياء الدقيقة العام
السنة 2 · 21 محاضرة · 3 ساعات معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
موقعها في الخطة الاسترشادية 2023: السنة الثانية، الفصل الأول
وصف المساق (من الجامعة)
This course provides medical students with vital microbiology information that will enable them to carry out their duties in an informed, safe, and efficient manner, and protect themselves and their patients from infectious diseases. It is appropriate as an introductory microbiology course, as it contains all of the concepts and topics needed by those students to use as a base for the microbiology of the modular systems that are going to be studied after. This course will cover a typical undergraduate microbiology topics of special importance to students of the healthcare professions include those dealing with disinfection and sterilization, antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, epidemiology and public health, healthcare-associated infections and infection control, how infectious diseases are diagnosed , how microbes cause disease, how our bodies protect us from pathogens and infectious diseases , and the major viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases of humans. This course is going to be a three credit hours, two lectures and one laboratory per week. Assessment of achievement is through two written exams of multiple-choice question (MCQ) type (first exam is composed of 30 questions covering lectures and lab sessions and the second exam composed of 25 questions covering lectures and lab sessions), a Quiz (composed of 5 questions), and the final exam (composed of 40 MCQ questions covering lectures and lab sessions).
كيف تُحسب علامة المساق في الجامعة
مساقات السنة الأولى وبداية الثانية والمساقات النظرية، للطلبة المقبولين من 2018/2019
- ٥٥٪اختباران فصليان (٢٧٫٥ علامة لكل منهما)
- ٥٪الانضباط والسلوك والمواظبة
- ٤٠٪الامتحان النهائي
ماذا يقيس المساق، ووزن كل جزء
- 30%Student should be able to explain the basic aspects of microbial diversity, structure and function Student should understand basic treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in human
- 30%Student should understand the principles of epidemiology with emphasis on healthcare epidemiology Student should comprehend the pathogenesis and diagnosis of infectious diseases
- 40%Student should be able to explain the basics of immune system function in humans Student should be able to list the major human infectious diseases from different microbial classes (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites) with their characteristic features Student should understand the general microbiology lab practices pertaining to microbial identification and sensitivity testing
الكتاب المقرر
- Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences (published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), Paul G. Engelkirk (11th Edition)
الخطة التفصيلية للمساق على موقع الجامعة · صادرة الفصل الأول 2023/2024
مواد ذات صلة في السنة الثانية
هذه الوحدة في جامعتك
المحاضرات وأهدافها
1. Introduction to microbiology
Microbiology
- Define microbiology, pathogens, nonpathogens and opportunistic pathogens.
- Differentiate acellular microbes from cellular microorganisms with examples of each.
- List reasons why microbes are important.
- Explain the relationship between microbes and infectious diseases, and differentiate infectious diseases from microbial intoxications.
- List the contributions of Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch.
- Differentiate biogenesis from abiogenesis and explain the germ theory of disease.
- Outline Koch's postulates and the circumstances in which they may not apply.
- Discuss two medically related fields of microbiology.
2. Microscopy in microbiology
Microbiology
- Explain the relationships among centimetres, millimetres, micrometres and nanometres.
- State the metric units used for the sizes of bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
- Compare simple, compound light, electron and atomic force microscopes.
3. Cell structure and taxonomy
Microbiology
- Explain the cell theory and the contributions of Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow.
- Give a function for each part of a eukaryotic cell: membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, cytoskeleton, cell wall, flagella and cilia.
- Give a function for each part of a bacterial cell: membrane, chromosome, cell wall, capsule, flagella, pili and endospores.
- Compare plant, animal and bacterial cells.
- Define genus, specific epithet and species.
- Describe the five-kingdom and three-domain systems of classification.
4. Diversity of the microbial world: viruses and bacteria
Microbiology
- Describe the characteristics used to classify viruses and five properties that distinguish viruses from bacteria.
- List important viral diseases of humans.
- Discuss the differences between viroids and prions and the diseases they cause.
- List ways of classifying bacteria and state the three purposes of fixation.
- Define the terms for bacterial arrangements and shapes: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, tetrad, octad, coccobacilli, diplobacilli, streptobacilli and pleomorphism.
- Define obligate aerobe, microaerophile, facultative anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, obligate anaerobe and capnophile.
- State the key differences among rickettsias, chlamydias and mycoplasmas.
- Identify important bacterial diseases of humans and state how archaea differ from bacteria.
5. Diversity of the microbial world: algae, protozoa and fungi
Microbiology
- Compare algae, protozoa and fungi.
- Explain the cause and medical significance of a red tide.
- List the four major categories of protozoa and their differentiating characteristics.
- Define pellicle, cytostome and stigma.
- List five major protozoal and five major fungal diseases of humans.
- Define phycotoxins and mycotoxins and state their importance.
- Explain aerial and vegetative hyphae, septate and aseptate hyphae, and sexual and asexual spores.
- Explain the major difference between a lichen and a slime mould.
6. The biochemistry of life
Microbiology
- Name the four main categories of biochemical molecules.
- Describe monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides with examples, and the differences between trioses to heptoses.
- Compare dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions, and covalent, glycosidic and peptide bonds.
- Discuss the roles of enzymes and define apoenzyme, cofactor, coenzyme, holoenzyme and substrate.
- State the differences between DNA and RNA and their nucleotides.
- Define the central dogma and describe DNA replication, transcription and translation.
7. Microbial physiology and genetics
Microbiology
- Define phototroph, chemotroph, autotroph, heterotroph, photoautotroph, chemoheterotroph, endoenzyme, exoenzyme, plasmid, R-factor, superbug, mutation, mutant and mutagen.
- Differentiate catabolism from anabolism and explain the role of ATP.
- Briefly describe glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, oxidation–reduction reactions and photosynthesis.
- Explain beneficial, harmful and silent mutations.
- Describe lysogenic conversion, transduction, transformation and conjugation.
8. Controlling microbial growth in vitro
Microbiology
- List the factors that affect microbial growth and describe psychrophilic, mesophilic, thermophilic, halophilic, haloduric, alkaliphilic, acidophilic and piezophilic organisms.
- Differentiate enriched, selective and differential media with examples, and explain aseptic technique.
- Draw a bacterial growth curve, label its four phases, and explain why bacteria die in the death phase.
- Name three ways to culture obligate intracellular pathogens.
- Differentiate sterilisation, disinfection and sanitisation, and bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents.
- Explain pasteurisation and lyophilisation and list physical methods that inhibit microbial growth.
- State how disinfectants kill microorganisms and the factors that influence their effectiveness.
- Explain why antibiotics in animal feed and household products are controversial.
9. Controlling pathogens in vivo with antimicrobial agents
Microbiology
- Identify the characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent and compare chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents and antibiotics.
- State the five common mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents.
- Differentiate narrow- from broad-spectrum agents.
- Identify the four common mechanisms of bacterial resistance and what MRSA and MRSE stand for.
- Define the beta-lactam ring, beta-lactam antibiotics and beta-lactamase, and name two groups of enzymes that destroy the ring.
- State actions clinicians and patients can take against drug resistance, and explain empiric therapy.
- List the factors considered before prescribing an antimicrobial, its undesirable effects, and what a superinfection is.
- Explain synergism and antagonism between antimicrobial agents.
10. Microbial ecology and microbial biotechnology
Microbiology
- Define ecology, human ecology and microbial ecology.
- List the categories of symbiosis and differentiate mutualism, commensalism and parasitism with examples.
- Discuss the beneficial and harmful roles of the indigenous microbiota.
- Describe biofilms and their impact on human health.
- Outline the nitrogen cycle.
- Define biotechnology and bioremediation with examples, and name foods that require microbial activity.
11. Epidemiology and public health
Microbiology
- Define epidemiology and differentiate infectious, communicable and contagious diseases.
- Differentiate incidence from prevalence.
- Distinguish sporadic, endemic, nonendemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases.
- List the six components of the chain of infection in order, with living and nonliving reservoirs.
- List five modes of transmission of infectious disease.
- List examples of potential biological warfare agents.
- Outline water treatment and explain the coliform count and its importance.
12. Healthcare epidemiology and healthcare-associated infections
Microbiology
- Differentiate healthcare-associated, community-acquired and iatrogenic infections.
- List the seven pathogens and four types of infection most common in healthcare settings.
- List the patients most vulnerable to healthcare-associated infections and the three major contributing factors.
- Differentiate medical and surgical asepsis and state the most effective way to reduce healthcare-associated infections.
- Differentiate standard precautions from the three types of transmission-based precautions, and describe protective environments.
- Describe the handling of food, utensils, fomites and sharps in healthcare settings.
- List the responsibilities of an infection control committee and the laboratory's role in infection control.
13. Diagnosing infectious diseases
Microbiology
- Discuss the role of healthcare professionals in collecting and transporting clinical specimens.
- List the types of clinical specimens submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory and the general precautions in handling them.
- Describe the correct collection of blood, urine, CSF, sputum, throat swabs, wound specimens, gonococcal cultures and faecal specimens.
- State the information required on specimen labels and test requisitions.
- Outline the organisation of the pathology department and the clinical microbiology laboratory, including anatomical and clinical pathology and their staff.
14. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases
Microbiology
- Give reasons why a person may not develop disease after exposure to a pathogen.
- Discuss the four phases in the course of an infectious disease.
- Differentiate localised from systemic, acute from subacute and chronic, and primary from secondary infections.
- Differentiate symptoms from signs and give examples of latent infections.
- List the six steps in the pathogenesis of an infectious disease.
- Define virulence and virulence factors, and list bacterial structures and exoenzymes that act as virulence factors.
- Differentiate endotoxins from exotoxins and list six exotoxins with their diseases.
- Describe three mechanisms by which pathogens escape the immune response.
15. Nonspecific host defence mechanisms
Microbiology
- Define host defence mechanisms, antibody, antigen, lysozyme, microbial antagonism, bacteriocins, pyrogen, interferon, complement, opsonisation, inflammation, phagocytosis and chemotaxis.
- Describe the three lines of defence, with an example of each, and how nonspecific differ from specific defences.
- Identify how the digestive system is protected from pathogens and how interferons act.
- Describe the benefits of complement activation.
- List the signs of inflammation and the purposes of the inflammatory response.
- Describe the four steps of phagocytosis, the categories of leukocytes and granulocytes, and how pathogens escape phagocytes.
- Categorise the disorders that affect nonspecific host defences.
16. Specific host defence mechanisms: an introduction to immunology
Microbiology
- Define immunology, immunity, antigenic determinant, immunoglobulins, primary and secondary responses, agammaglobulinaemia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, T cell, B cell, plasma cell and immunosuppression.
- Differentiate humoral from cell-mediated immunity.
- Distinguish natural and artificial, active and passive acquired immunity with examples.
- Outline the processing of T-independent and T-dependent antigens and the two primary functions of the immune system.
- Draw a monomeric antibody and describe the five immunoglobulin classes.
- List the cells killed by natural killer cells.
- Name the four types of hypersensitivity, outline an allergic reaction from sensitisation to symptoms, and give examples of allergens.
- List explanations for a positive PPD skin test.
17. Overview of infectious diseases
Microbiology
- Define the terms and abbreviations used for infectious diseases.
- Categorise infectious diseases by body system.
18. Viral infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Correlate viral diseases with body systems.
- Correlate a viral disease with its characteristics, agent, reservoirs, transmission and laboratory diagnosis.
- Name nationally notifiable viral diseases and describe briefly how viruses cause disease.
- Describe Koplik spots and their disease.
- Classify the hepatitis viruses as DNA or RNA viruses.
- List sexually transmitted viral diseases.
19. Bacterial infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Name nationally notifiable bacterial diseases.
- Correlate a bacterial disease with its signs and symptoms, agent, reservoirs, transmission and laboratory diagnosis.
- Give an example of a bacterial disease at a given body site.
- Differentiate gangrene from gas gangrene.
- Correlate bacterial sexually transmitted diseases with their agents.
- Name rickettsial or ehrlichial infections of the cardiovascular system and diseases caused by anaerobic bacteria.
- Describe biofilm-associated human diseases and state in general how bacterial infections are treated.
20. Fungal infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Define mycosis, dimorphic, cutaneous and systemic.
- Categorise fungal diseases by body system.
- Correlate a fungal disease with its characteristics, agent, reservoirs, transmission and laboratory diagnosis.
- Explain briefly how fungi cause disease.
- Classify a fungal infection as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous or systemic.
- State diseases caused by dimorphic fungi.
21. Parasitic infections of medical importance
Microbiology
- Differentiate ectoparasites from endoparasites, definitive from intermediate hosts, facultative from obligate parasites, and mechanical from biologic vectors.
- Classify a parasitic infection as protozoal or helminthic.
- Categorise parasitic infections by body system.
- Correlate a parasitic infection with its characteristics, causative agent, reservoirs and modes of transmission.
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