MED 311 · الجهاز الهضمي

السنة 3 · 40 محاضرة · 6 ساعات معتمدة

العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.

موقعها في الخطة الاسترشادية 2023: السنة الثالثة، الفصل الثاني

الخطة التفصيلية للمساق على موقع الجامعة · صادرة الفصل الثاني 2025/2026

المحاضرات وأهدافها

1. 1. The oral cavity and salivary glands

   Anatomy

   • Describe different parts of the oral cavity and their boundaries.
   • Describe the gross anatomy of the tongue, palate, teeth and gum.
   • Identify different muscles that contribute to the formation of the tongue, their innervations and actions.
   • Identify different types of tongue papillae and describe their structure and distribution.
   • Describe briefly the anatomy and location of the three major salivary glands.

2. 2. Salivary secretion, swallowing and esophageal motility

   Physiology

   • Describe the physiological role of various salivary glands.
   • Describe the components and functions of saliva.
   • Describe the neural regulation of salivary secretion.
   • Predict the components of salivary secretion at different flow rates.
   • Describe the neural and muscular events that mediate swallowing.
   • Describe the mechanism of swallowing phases (oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal).
   • Discuss the neural control and the mechanism of vomiting.

3. 3. Diseases of the oral cavity

   Pathology

   • Give a brief account of some common oral diseases.
   • Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of the main diseases of oral cavity.
   • Provide a brief account of infectious/inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands.
   • List the most important salivary gland tumors and briefly describe their pathology.

4. 4. The pharynx and esophagus

   Anatomy

   • Describe different parts of the pharynx and their boundaries.
   • Identify different muscles that contribute to the wall of the pharynx, their innervation and main action.
   • Identify the most common clinical conditions related to weakness in the pharyngeal musculature.
   • Describe the contents of different parts of the pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngeopharynx.
   • Identify the characteristic location of palatine tonsils and their anatomical relations.
   • Identify different layers that contribute to the wall of the esophagus and their regional specifications.

5. 5. Diseases of the esophagus

   Pathology

   • Describe the main acquired anatomic disorders of the esophagus with emphasis on hiatal hernia, achalasia and diverticulosis in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and pathologic features.
   • Describe the main.
   • Mention the cause, pathologic features, and clinical significance of esophageal varices.
   • Indicate the importance of Barrett's esophagus as an example of a pre-malignant lesion of the esophagus.
   • Describe the main tumors of the esophagus.

6. 6. The abdominal cavity and peritoneum

   Anatomy

   • Indicate the relations and arrangements of the abdominal organs.
   • Describe folding and ligaments of the peritoneum.
   • Indicate the intra- and retroperitoneal relations.
   • Describe the lesser and greater omenta (sacs) and other related peritoneal fossae and recesses.
   • Describe the anatomy of the mesenteries.

7. 7. Anatomy of GI tract hollow organs: stomach, small, and large intestines

   Anatomy

   • Indicate the anatomical relationships of the abdominal esophagus.
   • Describe the anatomy of stomach (location, parts, and anatomical relations).
   • Describe the anatomy of the duodenum (location, parts, and anatomical relations).
   • Compare the anatomical features of the jejunum and ileum.
   • List parts and describe general features and relations of large intestine.
   • Discuss the main anatomical features related to surgical removal of the appendix (laparoscopic and open appendectomy).

8. 8. Gastric and intestinal secretions

   Physiology

   • Describe the various types of gastric cells and the secretion of each cell type.
   • Mention the components of gastric juice and the function of each component.
   • Describe the different mechanisms involved in the control of gastric secretion (mechanical, chemical, and neural).
   • Explain the cellular steps involved in acid secretion in the stomach.
   • Discuss the interaction between neural, hormonal and paracrine regulatory mechanisms regulating acid secretion at different phases of a meal.
   • Indicate the role of Brunner’s glands secretion in duodenum.
   • Mention component of intestinal secretion and its control.
   • Describe the regulation of intestinal secretion.

9. 9. Histology of GI tract hollow organs

   Anatomy

   • Identify the four histological layers that contribute to the general structure of the GI tract wall.
   • Understand the enteric nervous system and its histological organization in GIT.
   • Describe the histological structure of the wall and glands of the esophagus.
   • Identify the detailed histological structure of the stomach.
   • Compare the histological features of different parts of the small intestine.
   • Describe the general histological structure of the large intestine.
   • Identify the histological features and characteristics of different transitional areas and sphincters (gastro-esophageal, gastro-duodenal, ileo-cecal and recto-anal).

10. 10. Diseases of the stomach (gastritis and peptic ulcer)

    Pathology

    • Provide a simplified classification of diseases of the stomach.
    • Describe gastritis and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in terms of pathogenesis, pathologic features and complications.
    • Describe peptic ulcer disease in term of etiology, pathogenesis, types, and pathological features.
    • Describe other types of gastric ulcerations.

11. 11. Bacterial infections of GI tract I

    Microbiology

    • Learn the epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
    • Understand the characteristic clinical features of common intestinal bacterial infections.
    • Familiarize with the laboratory diagnostic aspects of the common intestinal bacterial pathogens including their sensitivity to antibiotics.
    • Understand the pathogenesis of common intestinal bacterial pathogens.
    • Explore the management options of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.

12. 12. Drugs used in peptic ulcer disease

    Pharmacology

    • List major drugs or groups of drugs associated with GI ulceration and ways of preventing or reducing this risk.
    • Describe the mechanism of action of drugs or groups of drugs commonly employed in the management of peptic ulcer disease.
    • Explain the rationale behind the use of drug combination in peptic ulcer disease.
    • List important antimicrobial drugs employed in peptic ulcer disease, and explain the therapeutic basis of their inclusion in the management of peptic ulcer disease.
    • Enumerate the adverse effects of drugs commonly used in peptic ulcer disease.

13. 13. Bacterial infections of GI tract II

    Microbiology

    • Learn the epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
    • Understand the characteristic clinical features of common intestinal bacterial infections.
    • Familiarize with the laboratory diagnostic aspects of the common intestinal bacterial pathogens including their sensitivity to antibiotics.
    • Understand the pathogenesis of common intestinal bacterial pathogens.
    • Explore the management options of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.

14. 14. Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall

    Anatomy

    • Describe the landmarks and different regions of the anterolateral abdominal wall.
    • Describe the different layers of the abdominal wall including abdominal fasciae and muscles.
    • Identify the attachments, extension, innervation and main action for each abdominal wall muscle.
    • Describe the organization of the rectus sheath and its contents.
    • Describe different abdominal surgical incisions, their location, orientation and application.

15. 15. The inguinal region and abdominal herniae

    Anatomy

    • Describe the anatomy of inguinal region and inguinal ligament.
    • Describe the inguinal canal: its development, orientation, walls and contents.
    • Identify different types of abdominal herniae their cause and clinical manifestation.

16. 16. Parasitic infections of GI tract I

    Microbiology

    • The classification of the common intestinal parasitic pathogens.
    • The laboratory diagnostic aspects and life cycles of these pathogens.
    • The epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
    • The pathogenesis of common intestinal parasitic pathogens.
    • The characteristic clinical features of common intestinal parasitic infections.
    • The management of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.

17. 17. Gastrointestinal tumours I

    Pathology

    • Provide a simplified classification of gastric tumors.
    • Enumerate the main types of gastric carcinoma and describe their main features.
    • Identify the main types of gastric lymphoma.

18. 18. Antiemetics and drugs affecting gastric motility

    Pharmacology

    • Describe the mechanism of drug-induced vomiting.
    • List drug classes employed as antiemetics and the mechanism of action for each class.
    • Explain the clinical implications of drugs affecting gastric emptying.

19. 19. Anatomy of accessory digestive organs: liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

    Anatomy

    • Describe the detailed anatomy of the liver (location, surfaces, lobes, and ligaments).
    • Describe the anatomy of the biliary system.
    • Describe the anatomy and location of the gall bladder.
    • Discuss the main anatomical features related to surgical removal of the gall bladder (cholecystectomy).
    • Describe the anatomy of the pancreas (location, parts, and relations).

20. 20. Histology of digestive accessory organs II: liver and gall bladder

    Anatomy

    • Describe the general histological structure of the liver.
    • Understand the different concepts of liver lobules and their functional correlation.
    • Recognize the perisinusoidal space of Disse with its functional and clinical importance.
    • Describe the histological structure of the gall bladder.

21. 21. Liver and biliary secretion; pancreatic secretion

    Physiology

    • Describe the components of pancreatic secretion.
    • Describe the mechanism of pancreatic secretion from acinar cell.
    • Indicate the composition and the role of pancreatic juice in food digestion.
    • Discuss the neural and hormonal mechanisms that regulate pancreatic secretion.
    • List the mechanisms that prevent the pancreas from auto digestion.
    • Describe the components of bile.
    • Indicate the function of each component secreted in bile in digestion.
    • Illustrate the regulation mechanisms involved in the secretion of bile.
    • Describe the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.
    • Describe the general function of liver.

22. 22. Histology of digestive accessory organs I: salivary glands and pancreas

    Anatomy

    • Describe the main histological features of major salivary glands.
    • Identify the histological characteristics that distinguish each salivary gland.
    • Describe the histological structure of the exocrine pancreas.
    • Describe different cell types found in the islets of Langerhans with their main physiological and clinical importance.

23. 23. Digestion and absorption in GIT

    Physiology

    • Discuss the mechanisms of digestion for carbohydrate, protein digestion and fat digestion.
    • Indicate the role of bile salts in fat digestion.
    • Compare the specializations leading to increased intestinal surface area.
    • Compare absorption of monosaccharides with that of amino acids and fatty acids.
    • Discuss the molecular basis of membrane transport processes.
    • Explain the factors which determine whether a molecule is absorbed into the blood or into lymph.
    • Explain the mechanisms by which products of digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are absorbed into and through the cells lining the alimentary canal.
    • Describe the role of bile in lipid absorption.
    • Understand the mechanisms of absorption of water, sodium, calcium and vitamins, and the role of large intestine in water absorption.

24. 24. Gastric and intestinal motility

    Physiology

    • Contrast the two types of electrical activity of the gut.
    • Describe the neural circuits that mediate gastrointestinal motility.
    • List the hormones that control the GI tract motility.
    • Describe tonic contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and migrating motor complex of GIT.
    • Explain the receptive relaxation reflex, stomach motility and emptying, and factors affecting these processes (mechanical, chemical, hormonal, and neural).
    • Explain the role of the duodenum in regulating gastric motility.
    • Contrast the propulsive and mixing motility in small and the regulation of these movements.
    • Describe the motor activity of large intestine.
    • Describe the process of defecation.

25. 25. Diseases of the intestines I (malabsorption, inflammatory bowel diseases)

    Pathology

    • Briefly, discuss the main developmental anomalies of the small intestine.
    • Describe malabsorption in terms of causes, clinical significance, and complications.
    • Understand the pathology of celiac disease and its clinical significance.

26. 26. Antidiarrheal drugs and laxative agents

    Pharmacology

    • Review the physiological aspects of normal bowel habits.
    • Describe the therapeutic aims of antidiarrheal drugs, major classes and describe their mechanism of action.
    • Indicate the major adverse effects possibly encountered in patients using antidiarrheal drugs.
    • List the major classes of drugs employed as laxatives and describe their mechanism of action.
    • List the major indications and contraindications of laxatives. Indicate the specific adverse effects associated with the commonly used laxative agents.
    • List major drug classes employed in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.

27. 27. Diseases of the intestine II (ischemic bowel disease, bowel obstruction and inflammatory bowel diseases)

    Pathology

    • Describe the types of ischemic bowel disease in term of etiology and pathologic features.
    • Describe the chronic inflammatory bowel disease in terms of its main types, etiology, clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic features.
    • Identify the main causes of bowel obstruction.
    • Discuss briefly the diverticular diseases of the bowel.

28. 28. Introduction to liver diseases; cholestasis and cirrhosis

    Pathology

    • Describe the general morphologic and functional patterns of hepatic injury.
    • Understand the different liver diseases manifestation and terminology.
    • Define cholestasis and list its main causes.
    • List the main causes of hepatic failure and describe the pathogenesis, pathologic features, and complications of this disorder.

29. 29. Embryology of the digestive system

    Anatomy

    • Describe the development of the primordial gut and distinguish the mucosal origin of each region.
    • Identify the derivatives of each part of the primordial gut (foregut, midgut, and hindgut).
    • Understand the development of the stomach, its rotation, and the effects of this rotation.
    • Understand the development of the midgut, its rotation, and the effects of this rotation.
    • Identify the common congenital abnormalities associated with the development of the GIT.

30. 30. Viral infections of GIT

    Microbiology

    • The classification and characteristics of the common hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV, HEV, and others), and intestinal (Rota, adenoviruses 40 and 41, Norwalk, Corona, and astroviruses) viral pathogens.
    • The laboratory diagnostic aspects of these pathogens.
    • The epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
    • The pathogenesis of common intestinal viral pathogens.
    • The characteristic clinical features of common intestinal viral infections.
    • The management of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.
    • The control measures of these infections.

31. 31. Gastrointestinal tumours II

    Pathology

    • Provide a simplified classification of small and large intestinal tumors.
    • Describe polyps in terms of types and pathological features.
    • Describe the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the two-hit hypothesis of development of colorectal carcinoma.

32. 32. Anti-cancer drugs

    Pharmacology

    • Review the molecular biology of common cancer types affecting the GIS including esophageal, gastric and colorectal carcinomas.
    • Review the risk factors associated with the development of cancer types affecting the GIS.
    • Discuss the pharmacology of conventional cytotoxic anticancer drugs used for treatment of GIS cancers.
    • Understand the side effects and limitations associated with the use of conventional cytotoxic drugs.
    • Understand the pharmacology of molecular targeted drugs and the rationale for their use for GIS cancer treatment.

33. 33. Liver function tests and detoxification

    Biochemistry

    • List the most common used liver function tests.
    • Describe the clinical significance of these tests.
    • Describe the role of liver in ethanol metabolism.

34. 34. Epidemiology and prevention of colorectal cancers

    Public Health

    • Describe the therapeutic aims of antidiarrheal drugs.
    • List the major classes of antidiarrheal drugs and describe their mechanism of action.
    • Indicate the major adverse effects possibly encountered in patients using antidiarrheal drugs.
    • List major drug classes employed in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.

35. 35. Pathology of the biliary tract

    Pathology

    • Discuss the disorders of the gallbladder with emphasis on cholelithiasis, cholecystitis and tumours.
    • Discuss the disorders of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts including choledocholithiasis, ascending cholangitis, and extrahepatic biliary atresia.
    • Describe the pathology of the major tumors of the biliary tree.

36. 36. Enzymes of the GI tract system

    Biochemistry

    • List the digestive enzymes and hormones.
    • Describe how the digestive enzymes and hormones are activated.
    • Understand the role of digestive enzymes in the process of digestion.
    • Discuss the clinical significance of some enzymes and hormones.

37. 37. Liver tumors and diseases of exocrine pancreas

    Pathology

    • List and describe the major tumors of the liver.
    • List the main congenital anomalies of the pancreas.
    • Define cystic fibrosis and describe its etiology, pathogenesis, and pathologic features.
    • Describe the causes, pathogenesis, and pathologic feature of different forms of pancreatitis.
    • List and describe the major tumor of exocrine pancreas.

38. 38. Endoscopic procedures of GI tract

    Clinical

    • Familiarize with updated types of endoscopic procedures.
    • Understand common indications for these procedures.
    • Understand the diagnostic potential of these procedures.
    • Understand the limitations of these procedures.

39. 39. Hepatitis

    Clinical

    • Understand world and local epidemiology of hepatitis.
    • Recognize common causes of hepatitis.
    • Understand clinical patterns of hepatitis.
    • Familiarize with preventable causes of hepatitis.
    • Familiarize with treatable causes of hepatitis.

40. 40. Gallbladder diseases

    Clinical

    • Understand epidemiology of gallbladder diseases.
    • Recognize clinical patterns of gallbladders diseases.
    • Familiarize with laboratory profiles of these diseases.
    • Understand different management options.