MED 311 — الجهاز الهضمي
السنة 3 · 40 محاضرة · 6 ساعة معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
1. The oral cavity and salivary glands
Anatomy
- Describe different parts of the oral cavity and their boundaries.
- Describe the gross anatomy of the tongue, palate, teeth and gum.
- Identify different muscles that contribute to the formation of the tongue, their innervations and actions.
- Identify different types of tongue papillae and describe their structure and distribution.
- Describe briefly the anatomy and location of the three major salivary glands.
2. Salivary secretion, swallowing and esophageal motility
Physiology
- Describe the physiological role of various salivary glands.
- Describe the components and functions of saliva.
- Describe the neural regulation of salivary secretion.
- Predict the components of salivary secretion at different flow rates.
- Describe the neural and muscular events that mediate swallowing.
- Describe the mechanism of swallowing phases (oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal).
- Discuss the neural control and the mechanism of vomiting.
3. Diseases of the oral cavity
Pathology
- Give a brief account of some common oral diseases.
- Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of the main diseases of oral cavity.
- Provide a brief account of infectious/inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands.
- List the most important salivary gland tumors and briefly describe their pathology.
4. The pharynx and esophagus
Anatomy
- Describe different parts of the pharynx and their boundaries.
- Identify different muscles that contribute to the wall of the pharynx, their innervation and main action.
- Identify the most common clinical conditions related to weakness in the pharyngeal musculature.
- Describe the contents of different parts of the pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngeopharynx.
- Identify the characteristic location of palatine tonsils and their anatomical relations.
- Identify different layers that contribute to the wall of the esophagus and their regional specifications.
5. Diseases of the esophagus
Pathology
- Describe the main acquired anatomic disorders of the esophagus with emphasis on hiatal hernia, achalasia and diverticulosis in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and pathologic features.
- Describe the main.
- Mention the cause, pathologic features, and clinical significance of esophageal varices.
- Indicate the importance of Barrett's esophagus as an example of a pre-malignant lesion of the esophagus.
- Describe the main tumors of the esophagus.
6. The abdominal cavity and peritoneum
Anatomy
- Indicate the relations and arrangements of the abdominal organs.
- Describe folding and ligaments of the peritoneum.
- Indicate the intra- and retroperitoneal relations.
- Describe the lesser and greater omenta (sacs) and other related peritoneal fossae and recesses.
- Describe the anatomy of the mesenteries.
7. Anatomy of GI tract hollow organs: stomach, small, and large intestines
Anatomy
- Indicate the anatomical relationships of the abdominal esophagus.
- Describe the anatomy of stomach (location, parts, and anatomical relations).
- Describe the anatomy of the duodenum (location, parts, and anatomical relations).
- Compare the anatomical features of the jejunum and ileum.
- List parts and describe general features and relations of large intestine.
- Discuss the main anatomical features related to surgical removal of the appendix (laparoscopic and open appendectomy).
8. Gastric and intestinal secretions
Physiology
- Describe the various types of gastric cells and the secretion of each cell type.
- Mention the components of gastric juice and the function of each component.
- Describe the different mechanisms involved in the control of gastric secretion (mechanical, chemical, and neural).
- Explain the cellular steps involved in acid secretion in the stomach.
- Discuss the interaction between neural, hormonal and paracrine regulatory mechanisms regulating acid secretion at different phases of a meal.
- Indicate the role of Brunner’s glands secretion in duodenum.
- Mention component of intestinal secretion and its control.
- Describe the regulation of intestinal secretion.
9. Histology of GI tract hollow organs
Anatomy
- Identify the four histological layers that contribute to the general structure of the GI tract wall.
- Understand the enteric nervous system and its histological organization in GIT.
- Describe the histological structure of the wall and glands of the esophagus.
- Identify the detailed histological structure of the stomach.
- Compare the histological features of different parts of the small intestine.
- Describe the general histological structure of the large intestine.
- Identify the histological features and characteristics of different transitional areas and sphincters (gastro-esophageal, gastro-duodenal, ileo-cecal and recto-anal).
10. Diseases of the stomach (gastritis and peptic ulcer)
Pathology
- Provide a simplified classification of diseases of the stomach.
- Describe gastritis and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in terms of pathogenesis, pathologic features and complications.
- Describe peptic ulcer disease in term of etiology, pathogenesis, types, and pathological features.
- Describe other types of gastric ulcerations.
11. Bacterial infections of GI tract I
Microbiology
- Learn the epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
- Understand the characteristic clinical features of common intestinal bacterial infections.
- Familiarize with the laboratory diagnostic aspects of the common intestinal bacterial pathogens including their sensitivity to antibiotics.
- Understand the pathogenesis of common intestinal bacterial pathogens.
- Explore the management options of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.
12. Drugs used in peptic ulcer disease
Pharmacology
- List major drugs or groups of drugs associated with GI ulceration and ways of preventing or reducing this risk.
- Describe the mechanism of action of drugs or groups of drugs commonly employed in the management of peptic ulcer disease.
- Explain the rationale behind the use of drug combination in peptic ulcer disease.
- List important antimicrobial drugs employed in peptic ulcer disease, and explain the therapeutic basis of their inclusion in the management of peptic ulcer disease.
- Enumerate the adverse effects of drugs commonly used in peptic ulcer disease.
13. Bacterial infections of GI tract II
Microbiology
- Learn the epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
- Understand the characteristic clinical features of common intestinal bacterial infections.
- Familiarize with the laboratory diagnostic aspects of the common intestinal bacterial pathogens including their sensitivity to antibiotics.
- Understand the pathogenesis of common intestinal bacterial pathogens.
- Explore the management options of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.
14. Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall
Anatomy
- Describe the landmarks and different regions of the anterolateral abdominal wall.
- Describe the different layers of the abdominal wall including abdominal fasciae and muscles.
- Identify the attachments, extension, innervation and main action for each abdominal wall muscle.
- Describe the organization of the rectus sheath and its contents.
- Describe different abdominal surgical incisions, their location, orientation and application.
15. The inguinal region and abdominal herniae
Anatomy
- Describe the anatomy of inguinal region and inguinal ligament.
- Describe the inguinal canal: its development, orientation, walls and contents.
- Identify different types of abdominal herniae their cause and clinical manifestation.
16. Parasitic infections of GI tract I
Microbiology
- The classification of the common intestinal parasitic pathogens.
- The laboratory diagnostic aspects and life cycles of these pathogens.
- The epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
- The pathogenesis of common intestinal parasitic pathogens.
- The characteristic clinical features of common intestinal parasitic infections.
- The management of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.
17. Gastrointestinal tumours I
Pathology
- Provide a simplified classification of gastric tumors.
- Enumerate the main types of gastric carcinoma and describe their main features.
- Identify the main types of gastric lymphoma.
18. Antiemetics and drugs affecting gastric motility
Pharmacology
- Describe the mechanism of drug-induced vomiting.
- List drug classes employed as antiemetics and the mechanism of action for each class.
- Explain the clinical implications of drugs affecting gastric emptying.
19. Anatomy of accessory digestive organs: liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
Anatomy
- Describe the detailed anatomy of the liver (location, surfaces, lobes, and ligaments).
- Describe the anatomy of the biliary system.
- Describe the anatomy and location of the gall bladder.
- Discuss the main anatomical features related to surgical removal of the gall bladder (cholecystectomy).
- Describe the anatomy of the pancreas (location, parts, and relations).
20. Histology of digestive accessory organs II: liver and gall bladder
Anatomy
- Describe the general histological structure of the liver.
- Understand the different concepts of liver lobules and their functional correlation.
- Recognize the perisinusoidal space of Disse with its functional and clinical importance.
- Describe the histological structure of the gall bladder.
21. Liver and biliary secretion; pancreatic secretion
Physiology
- Describe the components of pancreatic secretion.
- Describe the mechanism of pancreatic secretion from acinar cell.
- Indicate the composition and the role of pancreatic juice in food digestion.
- Discuss the neural and hormonal mechanisms that regulate pancreatic secretion.
- List the mechanisms that prevent the pancreas from auto digestion.
- Describe the components of bile.
- Indicate the function of each component secreted in bile in digestion.
- Illustrate the regulation mechanisms involved in the secretion of bile.
- Describe the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.
- Describe the general function of liver.
22. Histology of digestive accessory organs I: salivary glands and pancreas
Anatomy
- Describe the main histological features of major salivary glands.
- Identify the histological characteristics that distinguish each salivary gland.
- Describe the histological structure of the exocrine pancreas.
- Describe different cell types found in the islets of Langerhans with their main physiological and clinical importance.
23. Digestion and absorption in GIT
Physiology
- Discuss the mechanisms of digestion for carbohydrate, protein digestion and fat digestion.
- Indicate the role of bile salts in fat digestion.
- Compare the specializations leading to increased intestinal surface area.
- Compare absorption of monosaccharides with that of amino acids and fatty acids.
- Discuss the molecular basis of membrane transport processes.
- Explain the factors which determine whether a molecule is absorbed into the blood or into lymph.
- Explain the mechanisms by which products of digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are absorbed into and through the cells lining the alimentary canal.
- Describe the role of bile in lipid absorption.
- Understand the mechanisms of absorption of water, sodium, calcium and vitamins, and the role of large intestine in water absorption.
24. Gastric and intestinal motility
Physiology
- Contrast the two types of electrical activity of the gut.
- Describe the neural circuits that mediate gastrointestinal motility.
- List the hormones that control the GI tract motility.
- Describe tonic contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and migrating motor complex of GIT.
- Explain the receptive relaxation reflex, stomach motility and emptying, and factors affecting these processes (mechanical, chemical, hormonal, and neural).
- Explain the role of the duodenum in regulating gastric motility.
- Contrast the propulsive and mixing motility in small and the regulation of these movements.
- Describe the motor activity of large intestine.
- Describe the process of defecation.
25. Diseases of the intestines I (malabsorption, inflammatory bowel diseases)
Pathology
- Briefly, discuss the main developmental anomalies of the small intestine.
- Describe malabsorption in terms of causes, clinical significance, and complications.
- Understand the pathology of celiac disease and its clinical significance.
26. Antidiarrheal drugs and laxative agents
Pharmacology
- Review the physiological aspects of normal bowel habits.
- Describe the therapeutic aims of antidiarrheal drugs, major classes and describe their mechanism of action.
- Indicate the major adverse effects possibly encountered in patients using antidiarrheal drugs.
- List the major classes of drugs employed as laxatives and describe their mechanism of action.
- List the major indications and contraindications of laxatives. Indicate the specific adverse effects associated with the commonly used laxative agents.
- List major drug classes employed in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
27. Diseases of the intestine II (ischemic bowel disease, bowel obstruction and inflammatory bowel diseases)
Pathology
- Describe the types of ischemic bowel disease in term of etiology and pathologic features.
- Describe the chronic inflammatory bowel disease in terms of its main types, etiology, clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic features.
- Identify the main causes of bowel obstruction.
- Discuss briefly the diverticular diseases of the bowel.
28. Introduction to liver diseases; cholestasis and cirrhosis
Pathology
- Describe the general morphologic and functional patterns of hepatic injury.
- Understand the different liver diseases manifestation and terminology.
- Define cholestasis and list its main causes.
- List the main causes of hepatic failure and describe the pathogenesis, pathologic features, and complications of this disorder.
29. Embryology of the digestive system
Anatomy
- Describe the development of the primordial gut and distinguish the mucosal origin of each region.
- Identify the derivatives of each part of the primordial gut (foregut, midgut, and hindgut).
- Understand the development of the stomach, its rotation, and the effects of this rotation.
- Understand the development of the midgut, its rotation, and the effects of this rotation.
- Identify the common congenital abnormalities associated with the development of the GIT.
30. Viral infections of GIT
Microbiology
- The classification and characteristics of the common hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV, HEV, and others), and intestinal (Rota, adenoviruses 40 and 41, Norwalk, Corona, and astroviruses) viral pathogens.
- The laboratory diagnostic aspects of these pathogens.
- The epidemiology of these infections including modes of infection, specific related foods, and control measures.
- The pathogenesis of common intestinal viral pathogens.
- The characteristic clinical features of common intestinal viral infections.
- The management of patients with these infections including specific therapeutic agents.
- The control measures of these infections.
31. Gastrointestinal tumours II
Pathology
- Provide a simplified classification of small and large intestinal tumors.
- Describe polyps in terms of types and pathological features.
- Describe the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the two-hit hypothesis of development of colorectal carcinoma.
32. Anti-cancer drugs
Pharmacology
- Review the molecular biology of common cancer types affecting the GIS including esophageal, gastric and colorectal carcinomas.
- Review the risk factors associated with the development of cancer types affecting the GIS.
- Discuss the pharmacology of conventional cytotoxic anticancer drugs used for treatment of GIS cancers.
- Understand the side effects and limitations associated with the use of conventional cytotoxic drugs.
- Understand the pharmacology of molecular targeted drugs and the rationale for their use for GIS cancer treatment.
33. Liver function tests and detoxification
Biochemistry
- List the most common used liver function tests.
- Describe the clinical significance of these tests.
- Describe the role of liver in ethanol metabolism.
34. Epidemiology and prevention of colorectal cancers
Public Health
- Describe the therapeutic aims of antidiarrheal drugs.
- List the major classes of antidiarrheal drugs and describe their mechanism of action.
- Indicate the major adverse effects possibly encountered in patients using antidiarrheal drugs.
- List major drug classes employed in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
35. Pathology of the biliary tract
Pathology
- Discuss the disorders of the gallbladder with emphasis on cholelithiasis, cholecystitis and tumours.
- Discuss the disorders of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts including choledocholithiasis, ascending cholangitis, and extrahepatic biliary atresia.
- Describe the pathology of the major tumors of the biliary tree.
36. Enzymes of the GI tract system
Biochemistry
- List the digestive enzymes and hormones.
- Describe how the digestive enzymes and hormones are activated.
- Understand the role of digestive enzymes in the process of digestion.
- Discuss the clinical significance of some enzymes and hormones.
37. Liver tumors and diseases of exocrine pancreas
Pathology
- List and describe the major tumors of the liver.
- List the main congenital anomalies of the pancreas.
- Define cystic fibrosis and describe its etiology, pathogenesis, and pathologic features.
- Describe the causes, pathogenesis, and pathologic feature of different forms of pancreatitis.
- List and describe the major tumor of exocrine pancreas.
38. Endoscopic procedures of GI tract
Clinical
- Familiarize with updated types of endoscopic procedures.
- Understand common indications for these procedures.
- Understand the diagnostic potential of these procedures.
- Understand the limitations of these procedures.
39. Hepatitis
Clinical
- Understand world and local epidemiology of hepatitis.
- Recognize common causes of hepatitis.
- Understand clinical patterns of hepatitis.
- Familiarize with preventable causes of hepatitis.
- Familiarize with treatable causes of hepatitis.
40. Gallbladder diseases
Clinical
- Understand epidemiology of gallbladder diseases.
- Recognize clinical patterns of gallbladders diseases.
- Familiarize with laboratory profiles of these diseases.
- Understand different management options.