MED 282 · الجهاز العصبي
السنة 3 · 60 محاضرة · 7 ساعات معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
موقعها في الخطة الاسترشادية 2023: السنة الثالثة، الفصل الأول (في الخطة السابقة: السنة الثانية، الفصل الثاني)
وصف المساق (من الجامعة)
This course integrates all basic science disciplines in one system-based course to discuss neuroscience-related topics. Each of the basic science departments is incorporated into an integrated body of knowledge covering neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurological correlation, neuropharmacology, neuropathology, microbiology, and human behavior. Also, Clinical implications for these information will be addressed by specialists in the clinical departments including Neurology, neurosurgery, radiology, and Orthopedic. These subjects will be addressed by Anatomists, Physiologists, Pathologists, Pharmacologists, Microbiologists, and Clinicians. Goals of this course will be achieved via lectures, relevant laboratory sessions, seminars or small group discussions, and self-directed learning methods. More specifically, central nervous system (CNS)-related topics will be covered at first to provide basic knowledge and understanding of the structure, function of the nervous system, biochemical basis of human behavior, as well as the pathological basis of neurological and mental disorders in brain and spinal cord. Fundamental principles of basic medical sciences and human behavior will be applied to pathological situations to distinguish the clinical basis for central nervous system disorders. Afterward, all parts of the peripheral nervous system is tackled starting from the origin in the central nervous system down to the target organs. This will include cranial nerves and spinal plexuses with their branches. During the course and whenever relevant the students are exposed to clinical problems to emphasize the explanations of symptoms, signs, investigations and forms of treatments. Practical sessions are planned to be stations around tables to give students the opportunity to expose their knowledge for discussion and confirm concepts learned in lectures. Small group discussions of clinical cases are planned at the end of the course were students are divided into small groups and with the help of an instructor they analyze and discuss the problem.
كيف تُحسب علامة المساق في الجامعة
مساقات الأجهزة في السنتين الثانية والثالثة، للطلبة المقبولين من 2018/2019
- ٦٠٪الجزء النظري
- ٣٠٪الجزء العملي والسريري
- ٥٪الأبحاث والأعمال الريادية
- ٥٪الانضباط والسلوك والمواظبة
ماذا يقيس المساق، ووزن كل جزء
- 20%Describe the anatomical and physiological basis for higher-order cortical functions in the central nervous system
- 10%Describe the principles that guide our understanding of human behavior and the biochemical basis of various behavioral disorders
- 30%Able to explain symptoms, signs, investigations, and forms of treatments of nervous system?s anomalies
- 15%Describe the gross features of the human central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), including brain coverings, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood supply of the central nervous system
- 25%Analyze the structures conveying information to and from the central nervous system, and define the structural basis, physiological, and pharmacological properties transmit sensory and motor information in the CNS
الكتاب المقرر
- Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students., Snell (8th Edition)
الخطة التفصيلية للمساق على موقع الجامعة · صادرة الفصل الثاني 2025/2026
مواد ذات صلة في السنة الثالثة
هذه الوحدة في جامعتك
المحاضرات وأهدافها
1. Brain and spinal cord
Anatomy
- Classify the types of neurons.
- Describe the structure of the different parts of neurons.
- Describe the structure and types of synapses.
- Describe the types of glial cells and their functions.
- Describe the elements of the blood-brain barrier.
- Overview of the main parts of the CNS.
- Identify the main parts of the diencephalon and the main functions of each.
- Identify the basal ganglia nuclei.
- Describe the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord.
- Describe the level of the spinal segments compared with their vertebrae.
- Identify gross features of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and spinal ganglia.
- Describe the internal features of the spinal cord (gray and white matter) in the different regions.
2. Brain meninges, ventricles, and CSF
Anatomy
- Describe the arrangement of the meninges and their relationship to brain and spinal cord.
- Explain the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.
- Locate the principal subarachnoid cisterns and arachnoid granulations.
- Describe the ventricles of the brain.
- Discuss the structure of the choroid plexus and the CSF-blood barrier.
- Locate the safe sites for lumbar puncture.
- Identify the brain ventricles on CT and MRI.
3. Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy
- Describe the organization of the cerebral cortex (layers and columnar organization).
- Locate the motor, sensory, and other cortical areas.
- Identify structures in coronal, sagittal, and horizontal sections of the brain.
- Describe the types of fibers in the internal capsule.
- Describe projection, commissural, and association fibers of the hemispheric white matter.
4. Pathological features of CNS inflammatory conditions
Pathology
- Compare the clinical and pathological findings in bacterial and viral meningitis.
- Know the pathology of tuberculous meningitis and tuberculoma.
- List the types of syphilitic and fungal diseases of the brain.
- Describe viral encephalitis and the morphology of its commoner types.
- Know about prion diseases of the CNS.
5. Management of meningitis
Clinical
- Recognize the urgency in the management of meningitis.
- Know the range of therapeutic choices in meningitis.
- Appreciate the role of non-pharmacological (adjuvant) therapy.
- Understand the differences between adults and children in the management of meningitis.
6. Ticks and prions
Microbiology
- Ticks: definition, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
- Prions: background, structure, classification of diseases, epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathology, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
7. Blood supply of the brain and spinal cord
Anatomy
- Follow each artery to its destination.
- Describe the circle of Willis and its branches.
- Discuss end-artery circulation and watershed zones.
- Describe the venous drainage of the brain.
8. Regulation of cerebral blood flow
Physiology
- Metabolic regulation of cerebral blood flow: effects of CO2, H+, and O2.
- Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and the myogenic hypothesis.
- Pathophysiology and types of brain edema and cerebral strokes.
9. Vascular diseases of the CNS
Pathology
- Define stroke and TIA, and the brain areas and cells most susceptible to ischemia and hypoxia.
- Describe global ischemic encephalopathy, laminar necrosis, and border-zone (watershed) infarcts.
- Describe regional infarction and its pathology.
- Know the types of intracranial hemorrhage and their pathological features.
- Know the effects of hypertension on the brain.
- Describe subarachnoid hemorrhage and its main causes: berry aneurysms and vascular malformations.
- Describe open and closed brain injury: types, morphology, pathology, complications.
- Describe the pathology of vascular trauma in the CNS.
- Describe diffuse axonal injury and spinal cord trauma.
- List the types of perinatal brain injury.
10. Diencephalon
Anatomy
- Identify the anatomical structure and nuclei of the thalamus.
- Identify the anatomical structure and nuclei of the hypothalamus.
- Identify the afferent and efferent connections of the thalamus.
- Identify the afferent and efferent connections of the hypothalamus.
11. Brain metabolism and neurotransmitters
Biochemistry
- Discuss the synthesis and degradation of GABA.
- Discuss the synthesis and degradation of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
- Discuss the formation and catabolism of serotonin.
- Discuss glutamate metabolism.
- Understand brain peptides as neurotransmitters.
12. Stroke
Medicine
- Define stroke and its subtypes.
- Describe the pathophysiology of stroke.
- Understand the diagnostic procedures in stroke.
- Discuss treatment options and preventive measures.
13. Antidepressants
Pharmacology
- Describe the monoamine theory of depression.
- Describe the classification of antidepressants.
- Describe the pharmacodynamics and side effects of tricyclic antidepressants.
- Describe the therapeutic use and toxic effects of MAO inhibitors.
- Describe the therapeutic use and toxic effects of SSRIs and SNRIs.
- Identify the major drug interactions of antidepressants.
- Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lithium.
14. Brainstem
Anatomy
- Identify the gross features of the brainstem.
- Describe its internal structure: ascending and descending pathways, sensory and motor cranial nuclei, substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nucleus, reticular formation.
- Describe the main connections of the sensory cranial nuclei.
- Describe the main connections of the motor cranial nuclei.
- Describe brainstem lesions such as medial and lateral medullary syndromes.
15. Antipsychotics
Pharmacology
- Discuss the dopamine receptor types blocked by antipsychotic drugs.
- Describe the classification of antipsychotic drugs.
- Describe their pharmacodynamics and correlate them with clinical uses.
- List the major adverse and behavioral effects of the major antipsychotics.
16. General sensory pathways of the trunk and limbs
Anatomy
- Describe the gracile and cuneate tracts (conscious proprioception, touch, pressure, vibration).
- Describe the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts (unconscious proprioception).
- Describe the lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature).
- Describe the ventral spinothalamic tract (simple touch).
17. Pain sensation
Physiology
- Mechanisms of fast and slow physiological pain.
- Types of pain: superficial, deep, visceral; acute and chronic; physiological and neuropathic.
- Define hyperalgesia and allodynia with examples of primary and secondary hyperalgesia.
- Explain ways to inhibit pain and describe the brain analgesic system.
18. Opioids
Pharmacology
- Describe the neural mechanisms of pain sensation and its control.
- List the opioid receptors and endogenous opioid peptides and their differences.
- List the major opioid agonists and rank their analgesic efficacy.
- Describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of opioid agonists and their clinical uses.
- List the adverse effects of acute and chronic opioid use.
- Identify opioid antagonists and mixed agonist-antagonists.
- Describe the treatment of opioid dependency.
19. Motor pathways
Anatomy
- Define upper and lower motor neurons with examples.
- Describe the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract and the direct motor pathways to trunk and limbs.
- Describe the indirect (extrapyramidal) pathways such as rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts.
- Describe the motor pathways to the facial muscles.
- Compare the signs of upper and lower motor neuron lesions.
20. Basal nuclei
Anatomy
- Understand the anatomical and functional definition of the basal ganglia.
- Identify the components of the basal ganglia.
- Describe their connections and the indirect pathways to the lower motor neurons.
- Describe the signs of lesions of the different components.
21. Cerebellum
Anatomy
- Identify the major lobes and regions of the cerebellum.
- Summarize the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei and their connections.
- Summarize the afferent and efferent connections and their arrangement in the peduncles.
- Describe the major functions and the ipsilateral control of the body.
- Explain the effects of cerebellar lesions and the associated motor disorders.
22. Control of movements and posture
Physiology
- Outline the function of each component of the motor regulatory systems: cortex, brainstem, basal ganglia, cerebellum.
- Discuss the motor cortex's control of motor function.
- Discuss the role of the brainstem in motor control.
23. Epilepsy and headache
Clinical
- Define and differentiate seizure and epilepsy.
- Recognize the clinical types of seizures and epilepsy.
- Understand the clinical evaluation of patients with seizures.
- List the investigations required for seizure patients.
- Understand the outlines of management.
- Summarize the EEG and the mechanisms producing it.
24. Antiepileptics
Pharmacology
- Define epilepsy and the general classification of seizures.
- Understand the cellular mechanisms underlying epilepsy.
- Describe the major drugs for the types of epilepsy and status epilepticus.
- Discuss differences between antiepileptics in mechanism, adverse effects, and drug interactions.
- List the new antiepileptic drugs with their advantages, indications, and adverse effects.
25. Higher functions of the neocortex: learning and memory
Physiology
- Name, locate, and describe the parieto-occipitotemporal, frontal, and limbic association areas and related disorders.
- Describe the language function of the cortex.
- Discuss the neural basis of learning and memory and the common types of aphasia.
26. Degenerative diseases
Pathology
- Know the general features of degenerative diseases and dementias.
- Alzheimer's disease: clinical and morphological findings.
- Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in brief.
- Acquired nutritional and metabolic diseases of the nervous system in brief.
27. Parkinson's disease
Pharmacology
- Describe the neurochemical imbalance underlying Parkinson's disease.
- Identify the mechanisms of action of the drugs used in its management.
- Describe their therapeutic and toxic effects.
- Identify chemical agents and drugs that cause parkinsonian symptoms.
28. Arousal mechanisms, consciousness, and sleep
Physiology
- Describe the functions of the reticular formation and its nonspecific sensory system.
- Describe the primary EEG rhythms and the behavioral states of each.
- Summarize the behavioral and EEG characteristics of the stages of slow-wave sleep.
- Summarize the characteristics of REM sleep and the mechanisms producing it.
- Describe the normal adult night's sleep and its variation from birth to old age.
29. Sedative-hypnotics
Pharmacology
- Identify the major chemical classes of sedative-hypnotics.
- Describe their clinical uses.
- Describe the sequence of CNS effects over the dose range.
- Describe the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines and their receptor interactions.
- Compare the pharmacokinetics of common benzodiazepines and barbiturates and the clinical consequences.
- Describe the adverse effects, drug interactions, and antidotes.
- Understand tolerance and dependence.
30. Development of the CNS
Anatomy
- Describe the formation of the neural tube and neural crest.
- Describe the positional changes of the spinal cord.
- Describe the development of the spinal nerves and their ganglia.
- Describe the development of the meninges.
- Describe the development of the parts of the brain.
- Describe the development of the ventricles and choroid plexuses.
- Describe the development of the pituitary gland.
- Describe the development of the cranial nerves and their ganglia.
31. General anesthetics
Pharmacology
- Understand the physicochemical theories of anesthesia (lipid and protein theories).
- Describe the stages of anesthesia.
- Describe pre-anesthetic drugs and the rationale for their use.
- Identify the main inhalational anesthetics: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, side effects.
- Describe the commonly used intravenous anesthetics.
32. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and low back pain
Neurosurgery
- A brief of hemorrhages in the CNS from the neurosurgical view.
- Understand the surgical treatment options for low back pain.
33. Imaging of the CNS
Radiology
- Introduce the common radiological investigations in neurological diagnosis and when to use each.
- Use radiological findings to decide the approach to common CNS disorders.
- Understand the radiological approach to neuroradiological emergencies.
34. Drugs of abuse
Pharmacology
- Discuss the differences between stimulants and depressants.
- Describe the pharmacological types of drug dependence.
- Discuss the neurobiology of addiction.
- Describe the major actions of commonly abused drugs.
- Describe the major withdrawal signs and symptoms.
- Identify the likely causes of fatality from commonly abused agents.
- Describe the treatment of drug abuse.
- Discuss the challenge of recent abused substances such as Joker.
35. Bacterial infections of the CNS
Microbiology
- Characteristics, laboratory diagnosis, and management of Mycobacterium leprae, group B streptococcus, and Listeria.
- Bacteriology, laboratory diagnosis, management, and prevention of Clostridium tetani and botulism.
36. Tumors of the nervous system
Pathology
- Classify tumors and describe the general features of primary brain tumors compared with other tumors.
- Know the pathology and prognosis of the types of brain tumors.
- Know the common metastatic tumors and their pathology.
- Know the common spinal cord tumors.
- Describe tumors of the peripheral nerves.
37. Eye and visual pathway
Anatomy
- Discuss the structure of the coats of the eyeball.
- Describe the contents of the eyeball.
- Know how and where the optic nerve leaves the retina.
- Describe the sensory and autonomic nerve supply, blood supply, and lymph drainage of the orbit and eyeball.
- Understand the organization of the visual pathways and reflexes.
38. Physiology of the eye and retina
Physiology
- Describe light refraction by the eye and the refractive indices of cornea, lens, aqueous, and vitreous.
- Define accommodation, its mechanism, and its importance for near vision.
- Define visual acuity and the fovea's role.
- Know the types of photoreceptors.
- Understand phototransduction and the ionic basis of the receptor potential in rods and cones.
- Describe the retinal neurons and their synaptic circuit.
- Know the functions of bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells in visual processing.
39. Neurophysiology of vision
Physiology
- Describe the functions of the visual cortex in perception.
- Review the relay stations of the visual pathway.
- List the functions of the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus.
- Discuss the visual cortex's role in perception.
- Outline the pathways of color and black-and-white vision.
- Describe the major visual cortex cell types and their roles.
40. Introduction to eye diseases
Clinical
- Objectives provided separately by the lecturer.
41. Ear and auditory pathways
Anatomy
- List the structures of the external, middle, and inner ear.
- Discuss the tympanic membrane and external auditory meatus.
- Describe the walls of the middle ear, facial canal, auditory tube, ossicles and their muscles, and mastoid air cells.
- Describe the hearing and balance receptors.
- Follow the course of the VIII nerve to its entry into the brain.
- Understand the organization of the auditory pathway.
42. Hearing physiology
Physiology
- Review the ossicular system and its role in conducting sound to the cochlea.
- Outline traveling waves and how stapes movement deflects the basilar membrane at a particular point.
- Discuss the organ of Corti and how basilar membrane deformation becomes auditory impulses.
- Describe the ionic basis of auditory receptors.
- Explain how pitch and loudness are coded.
- Discuss the mechanisms of sound localization.
43. Physiology of equilibrium
Physiology
- Explain how semicircular canal hair cells detect rotational acceleration.
- Explain how utricle and saccule hair cells detect linear acceleration.
- Describe the vestibular system's role in stabilizing eye movements, and its connections with brainstem and cerebellum.
- List the sensory inputs synthesized into the sense of position in space.
- Describe the caloric test.
44. Introduction to ear diseases
Clinical
- Objectives provided separately by the lecturer.
45. Fungal and parasitic infections
Microbiology
- Objectives to be determined by the lecturer.
46. Cranial nerves, part I
Anatomy
- Describe the course and branches of each cranial nerve from its exit from the brain to its targets.
- List the modalities conveyed by each cranial nerve.
47. Cranial nerves, part II
Anatomy
- Describe the course and branches of each cranial nerve from its exit from the brain to its targets.
- List the modalities conveyed by each cranial nerve.
48. Physiology of peripheral nerves
Physiology
- Review the action potential and its propagation in different nerve types.
- Describe synapses and the factors affecting transmission.
- List the types of nerve fibers and their functions.
- Explain the compound action potential and its clinical significance.
- Define the latent period and calculate conduction velocity.
49. Demyelinating diseases
Pathology
- General features of demyelinating diseases, with emphasis on multiple sclerosis: clinical and morphological characteristics.
- Axonal degeneration and injuries.
- Causes and types of peripheral neuropathies.
50. Local anesthetics
Pharmacology
- Describe the classification of local anesthetics.
- Relate their chemical structures to pharmacological characteristics.
- Describe the mechanism of action and the relation between pH, pKa, and speed of onset.
- List the factors determining nerve fiber susceptibility to blockade.
- List the major toxic effects.
51. Enteroviruses
Microbiology
- Polio, coxsackie, and echo viruses: structure, properties, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
52. Cervical and brachial plexuses
Anatomy
- Describe how spinal nerves are formed.
- List the roots contributing to the cervical and brachial plexuses.
- Describe the location of these plexuses.
- List their branches and root values.
- Describe the course and function of each branch.
53. Lumbosacral plexus and nerves
Anatomy
- List the roots contributing to the lumbosacral plexus.
- Describe its location.
- List its branches and root values.
- Describe the course and function of each branch.
54. Introduction to peripheral nerve injury
Clinical
- Objectives provided separately by the lecturer.
55. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions
Anatomy
- Review the sympathetic system: origin, paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nerves, thoracic and abdominal plexuses.
- Discuss the sympathetic innervation of the head.
- Review the parasympathetic system: origin, ganglia, plexuses, and the sacral part.
- List the cranial nerves with parasympathetic activity and their targets.
- Describe the enteric division.
56. ANS and central regulation of viscera
Physiology
- Review ANS functions and effector responses to the two divisions' neurotransmitters.
- Understand the ANS as a reflex-based control system.
- Describe autonomic reflexes integrated at spinal cord and brainstem.
- Describe central regulation of autonomic output: nucleus of the solitary tract, limbic system, hypothalamus.
- List the major hypothalamic functions: body rhythm, temperature, appetite, water intake.
57. Cholinergic agonists and antagonists
Pharmacology
- Review acetylcholine synthesis, storage, release, and termination.
- Give examples of inhibitors of acetylcholine synthesis, storage, and release.
- Review the locations and types of acetylcholine receptors.
- Describe the effects of acetylcholine on the major organ systems.
- Correlate the pharmacokinetics of choline esters and cholinomimetic alkaloids with their chemistry.
- List the clinical indications and adverse effects of cholinomimetic agonists.
- Describe the distribution and function of cholinesterase.
- Classify cholinesterase inhibitors with examples.
- Describe the differences between direct and indirect cholinomimetics.
- List the signs and symptoms of organophosphate poisoning.
- Describe the treatment of organophosphate poisoning.
58. Rabies and arboviruses
Microbiology
- Rabies and arboviruses: classification, structure, properties, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
59. Adrenergic agonists and antagonists
Pharmacology
- Review epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesis, storage, release, and termination.
- List inhibitors of norepinephrine synthesis, storage, release, and reuptake.
- List the tissues with significant alpha-1 or alpha-2 receptors.
- Describe the systemic effects of a pure alpha agonist.
- Indicate the clinical applications and adverse effects of alpha agonists.
- List the tissues with significant beta-1 or beta-2 receptors.
- Describe the organ effects of a pure beta agonist and of a mixed alpha/beta agonist.
- List the clinical applications and adverse effects of beta agonists.
- Indicate the differences between direct and indirect sympathomimetic amines.
60. Development of the head and neck, eye, and ear
Anatomy
- Describe the development of the face.
- Describe the development and fate of the pharyngeal arches.
- Describe the development of the eye.
- Describe the development of the ear.
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