MED 320 — جهاز الغدد الصماء
السنة 3 · 24 محاضرة · 4 ساعة معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
1. Introduction to endocrinology; mechanisms of hormone actions and second messengers
Physiology
- Understand nature and major classes of the hormones and their roles in the human body.
- Characterize the major hormonal biorhythms.
- Describe the general aspects that govern the regulation of hormone secretion.
- Describe how feedback relationship is important in determining the level of circulating hormones.
- Describe the mechanism of action of peptide hormones.
- Describe the mechanism of action of amino acid derivative hormones.
- Describe the mechanism of action of hormones derived from cholesterol.
2. Morphology of the endocrine glands
Anatomy
- Review the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands.
- List the endocrine glands.
- Describe the structure of the major endocrine glands.
- Describe the location, relation, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage of the major endocrine glands.
3. Histology and embryology of the endocrine glands
Anatomy
- Describe the development of the major endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and the pancreas).
- Describe the microscopic structure and cells of the pituitary gland.
- Describe the microscopic structure of the thyroid follicle, follicular and parafollicular cells.
4. Hypothalamic-pituitary relationships
Physiology
- List the adenohypophyseal and the neurohypophyseal hormones.
- Describe the regulation of anterior pituitary hormones by the hypothalamus.
- Describe the posterior pituitary gland relationship with the hypothalamus.
5. Anterior and posterior pituitary hormones
Physiology
- Describe growth and the metabolic effects of the growth hormone.
- Describe the regulation of the growth hormone secretion (role of insulin-like growth factors and hypothalamic GHRH and somatostatin).
- List the major physiological effects of antidiuretic hormone and the regulation of its secretion.
- List the major physiological effects of oxytocin and the regulation of its secretion.
6. Pathology of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
Pathology
- Describe the neoplasms of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands and their clinical syndromes.
- Describe the causes the different clinical entities related to hypopituitarism.
- Discuss diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
7. Thyroid hormones (synthesis, regulation, and actions)
Physiology
- Describe the bio-synthetic pathway of thyroid hormones.
- Describe the regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis.
- Discuss the physiological actions of thyroid hormones.
8. Pathology of the thyroid I
Pathology
- Define and describe the pathogenesis and clinical findings of thyrotoxicosis, diffuse hyperplasia of thyroid and Graves’s disease.
- Define and describe the pathogenesis of multinodular goitre.
- List types of solitary thyroid nodules and define the meaning of “cold” and “hot” nodule.
- Describe the clinical findings and pathology of hypothyroidism and define the terms cretinism and myxedema.
- Define and describe the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, lymphocytic thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis and Riedel’s thyroiditis.
9. Pathology of the thyroid II and parathyroid glands
Pathology
- Describe adenomas and carcinomas and their differential diagnosis.
- Discuss various types of malignancies in the thyroid.
- Discuss primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
- Differentiate between parathyroid hyperplasia and parathyroid adenoma.
- Describe hypoparathyroidism and its clinical manifestations and etiology.
10. Hormonal control of calcium metabolism
Physiology
- Discuss the absorption, metabolism and excretion of calcium and phosphate.
- Discuss the role of vitamin D in calcium and phosphate absorption.
- Outline the effect of calcium ion concentration on the regulation of the active form of vitamin D levels.
- List the major physiological effects of calcitonin and PTH and their regulation.
11. Pharmacology of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones
Pharmacology
- Characterize the pharmacology of thyroid hormones.
- Describe the pharmacology of antithyroid drugs.
- Describe the clinical uses, routes of administration, and adverse reactions of thyroid and antithyroid drugs.
- Characterize the pharmacology of the parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin.
- List synthetic analogs of the above hormones, and describe their routes of administration, clinical uses, and adverse reactions.
12. Clinical approach to an enlarged thyroid gland
Medicine
- List the causes of an enlarged thyroid gland, its presentation in the clinic and the tests performed to differentiate between the various causes and reach the correct diagnosis.
- Describe how the management of an enlarged thyroid differs according to its cause.
13. Endocrine functions of the pancreas
Physiology
- Discuss the principal hormones that affect blood glucose concentration.
- Discuss the metabolic effects of insulin.
- Discuss the regulation of insulin secretion.
- Discuss the physiological effects of glucagon and its regulation.
14. Regulation of glucose metabolism; feed-fast cycle
Biochemistry
- Describe the enzymatic changes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways in the well-fed state and during starvation in various tissues (liver, brain, muscle and adipose tissues).
- Describe the regulation of glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, hexose monophosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis by insulin/counter-regulatory hormones ratio.
15. Pathology of the endocrine pancreas, including diabetes I
Pathology
- Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type I.
- Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type II.
16. Insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents I
Pharmacology
- Discuss the pharmacology of insulin.
- Be able to differentiate between the clinically available types of insulin, their clinical uses and adverse reactions.
17. Pathology of the endocrine pancreas, including diabetes II
Pathology
- Discuss the major complications of diabetes.
- Discuss islet cell tumors.
18. Insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents II
Pharmacology
- Discuss the pharmacology of oral hypoglycemic drugs.
- Understand the various mechanisms of actions of these drugs.
- Describe the clinical uses of oral hypoglycemic drugs.
19. Acute diabetic complications (ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar state)
Medicine
- Describe the pathophysiology, precipitating factors, clinical presentation and the metabolic basis of diabetic ketoacidosis.
- Describe the pathophysiology, precipitating factors, clinical presentation and the metabolic basis of diabetic ketoacidosis.
20. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus
Community Medicine
- Highlight the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Jordan and worldwide.
- Suggest suitable methods of intervention to reduce prevalence of diabetes mellitus.
21. The adrenal hormones
Physiology
- Describe the physiological effects of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), the regulation of aldosterone secretion, and the clinical consequences of hypo and hyperaldosteronism.
- Describe the major physiological effects of glucocorticoids (cortisol), the regulation of cortisol secretion, and the clinical consequences of hypo and hyperadrenalism.
- List the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla and describe their actions and the regulation of their secretion.
22. Steroidogenesis
Biochemistry
- Describe the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones.
- Describe the role of cytochromes P-450 in steroidogenesis.
- Describe the metabolic consequences of the deficiency of any of the enzymes involved in steroidogenesis.
23. Pathology of the adrenal glands
Pathology
- Describe the pathological features of benign and malignant tumors of the adrenal gland.
- List the causes of Addison's diseases and their pathological features.
- Classify the various types of multiple endocrine neoplasia.
24. Pharmacology of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Pharmacology
- Characterize the pharmacology of the mineralocorticoids in terms of their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of actions, and adverse reactions.
- Characterize the pharmacology of the glucocorticoids in terms of their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and adverse reactions.
- Describe the synthetic analogs of the mineralocorticoids and the glucocorticoids.