MED 114 — بيولوجيا الخلية وعلم الأنسجة
السنة 1 · 16 محاضرة · 3 ساعة معتمدة
العناوين والأهداف منقولة من خطة كلية الطب الرسمية.
1. General introduction to the course of basic histology and cell biology of the cell
Histology
- Orientation and general information regarding the contents, reference textbook, laboratory work and assessments.
- Study the general structure of the human cell.
- Study the different organelles with their structure and function.
- Study the detailed structure of cell membrane and correlate its different components to varied processes occurring through it.
- Correlate the membrane components with signal transduction (ligand–receptor interaction), diffusion, exocytosis and endocytosis.
- Correlate the integral protein parts with the cytoskeletal element of the cell.
- Point out the structure and functions of all organelles including nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosome and proteosomes.
- Define the protein components of the cytoplasm and their respective functions.
2. Cell division
Histology
- Study successive different steps of cell division (mitosis and meiosis) and understand the events that take place in each phase.
- Differentiate between mitosis and meiotic divisions.
- Correlate and integrate the different events in each phase with congenital abnormalities of unequal division of the mother-cell chromosomes (trisomy 21).
- Correlate and integrate how different drugs are used in relation to different phases of cell division in treatment of cancer.
- Integrate the role of different enzymes regulating the cell cycle with pathology of cancer.
3. Microscopic slide preparation and types of microscopic studies
Histology
- Study the different steps in microscopic slide preparation.
- Study the steps of sample collection through cutting, fixation, dehydration, clearing, staining and mounting.
- Study the features and uses of different types of light and electron microscopes.
- Understand the basic principles of different morphological methods used in study of tissues.
4. Methodologies of functional medical research
Histology
- Highlight the importance of medical research as a main pillar in medical education.
- Understand the basic principles of different functional methods used in medical research.
- Study the processes of cell fractionation and cell culture and their uses.
- Study the principles of antigen–antibody interaction and their uses in studying the expression and regulation of structure of interest.
- Study the uses of antigen–antibody combination with specific tags as fluorescent microscopy as in immunohistochemistry.
- Study the uses of antigen–antibody combination in the study of expression and/or regulation of proteins or DNA in the cells to understand a related function.
5. Cell membrane
Histology
- Study the structure of cell membrane and understand its bi-lipid structure.
- Understand the components of the membrane structure namely, the lipid bilayer, cholesterol part, peripheral and integral proteins and their respective functions.
- Study the different processes across the membrane including signal transduction and ligand–receptor interaction.
- Understand the processes of diffusion, endocytosis and exocytosis across the membrane.
- Study the presence of channels and their role in trafficking across the membrane.
- Correlate the interaction of integral protein part of the membrane with the cytoskeletal elements to maintain the cell shape.
6. Basic tissues, origin and development; histology of epithelial tissue
Histology
- Define basic tissues of the body.
- Explain the rise and development of basic tissues from the three germ layers as a result of the first differentiation of the embryo during blastocyst stage (integrate with the embryology part of the anatomy course).
- Study in detail the characteristic features of epithelial tissue.
- Study the histological features of different types of epithelial tissue.
- Study the location and function of each type in the human body.
- Study the different junctional complexes of epithelial tissue as tight, desmosome and hemidesmosomal junctions.
- Study the structure, location and function of apical membrane specialization of epithelial tissue as cilia, microvilli and stereocilia.
- Correlate and integrate the structure and function of each type with other basic medical sciences and relevant medical applications.
7. Histology of connective tissue
Histology
- Study the general features of connective tissue (CT).
- Study the different components of CT namely the main cells fibroblast/fibrocyte and transient cells as different white blood cells.
- Emphasize the features of fibroblast/fibrocyte property of re-entering the cell cycle and that contribution to cell injury and repair.
- Study the histology of different fibers of CT as collagen, elastic and reticular fibers and their functions.
- Understand how the variation of CT components (cells, fibers and extracellular matrix) create a wide diversity of connective tissue types ranging from fluid tissue as blood to hard tissue as the bone.
- Study the histological features of different types of CT as loose, dense regular and irregular.
- Study the different types of collagen and their contribution to different connective tissue/derivatives.
- Correlate certain clinical disorder of CT as collagen diseases and Marfan syndrome of elastin.
8. Histology of fat tissue
Histology
- Define fat tissue and its types.
- Study the components of fat tissue.
- Compare the histological features of white and brown fat tissues.
- Correlate the location and function of both types.
- Correlate fat tissue and certain disorders as obesity.
9. Histology of cartilage (derivative of CT)
Histology
- Study the histological features of different types of cartilages in the body.
- Point out the location of each type in the human body.
- Point out the feature of cartilage development and growth and how that is related to injury and repair.
- Correlate and integrate cartilage features with relevant clinical aspects as disc prolapse and fibrosis and calcifications of menisci of knee joint.
10. Histology of bone tissue
Histology
- Study the main features of bone tissue.
- Study the main components of bone tissue namely, osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast and extracellular matrix.
- Differentiate between compact and spongy bone tissues and where each type is found.
- Study bone development and growth with relevant examples of intramembranous and endochondral ossification and epiphyseal growth plate.
- Understand the interplay between osteocytes–osteoblast and hormonal effects during bone remodeling.
- Correlate and integrate bone features with relevant clinical aspects as osteoporosis and healing of fractures.
11. Histology of muscular tissue
Histology
- Study the main features and components of muscular tissue.
- Differentiate between the three different types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
- Study in detail the sarcomere arrangement in striated muscle and differentiate that from smooth muscle.
- Study the different types of skeletal muscle based on fiber types and enumerate the feature of each type.
- Point out the interplay of the nerve supply and the conduction of the action potential across the muscle membrane.
- Point out the process of contraction in relation to the structure of myosin and actin in different types.
- Correlate and integrate the features of different types of muscles with other basic medical sciences and relevant clinical application as muscular dystrophy and rigor mortis.
12. Histology of nervous tissue
Histology
- Study the main features of the nervous tissue.
- Study the different components of the central and peripheral nervous tissue (CNS/PNS): structure of the neuron and other neuroglial cells with their functions.
- Point out the differences between the CNS and PNS.
- Study the structure of axons and the process of myelination.
- Study the process and types of axonal conduction.
- Correlate antegrade and retrograde axonal conduction with clinical aspects as snake poisoning and rabies infection.
- Correlate and integrate the components of the nervous tissue with other basic medical sciences and relevant clinical application as degeneration of myelin sheath and multiple sclerosis.
13. Cloning and stem cells
Histology
- State the basic principles of cloning.
- State the basic principles of stem cells.
- List the types of stem cells.
- Describe collection and uses of stem cells.
14. Histology of cytoskeleton
Histology
- Define the cytoskeleton of the cell.
- Study the elements of cell cytoskeleton namely, microtubule, intermediate filament and microfilament.
- Enumerate the functional aspects of these elements in the cell.
- Enumerate the functional aspect of microtubule in intracellular transport and mitotic spindle formation.
- Study the functional aspects of intermediate filament in structural support and maintaining of cell shape.
- Study the role of actin in structural support of the cell and its movement.
15. Oogenesis
Histology
- Describe oogenesis as named on the week-14 timetable; the Course Contents table prints no outline, so this follows the course description that the origin of basic tissues related to embryo development will be discussed.
16. Spermatogenesis
Histology
- Describe spermatogenesis as named on the week-14 timetable; the Course Contents table prints no outline, so this follows the course description that the origin of basic tissues related to embryo development will be discussed.